Thomas, 1914
Callicebus toppini
Type: Adult female. B.M. no. 14. 3. 3. 3. Collected and presented by Capt. II. S. Toppin.
Habitat: Rio Tahuamanu, N.E. Peru, near Bolivian Boundary about 12° 20' S., 6b° 45' W.
Description: Allied to and of the same grizzled brown colour as C. cupreus. Crown-hairs similarly tipped with buffy, but along the front edge of the hairy part of the forehead the hairs are black, thus forming an indistinct blackish frontal band. Belly and terminal part of limbs red, as in cupreus, but on the hind legs the red is rather more extended, coming up to cover the knee. Hairs on ears dark reddish brown, tail hairs mixed grey and blackish, as in cupreus, but those on the proximal two-thirds are tipped with black, not with white or buffy as in the other species of this group.
Skull: Greatest length 65-6 mm; basal length 50; breadth of brain-case 35-5; premolars and molars together 15.2.
Remarks: From all the members of the group with reddish ears this species may be distinguished by the dark tips to its caudal hairs. C. cupreus has also no black hairs on the forehead, while C. usto-fuscus, which is darker throughout, has many more. C. paenulatus has an elongated mantle, paler than the rest of the back.
Cabrera, 1958
Callicebus cupreus toppini
Synonyms: Callithrix cuprea (Goeldi, 1904); Callicebus toppini (Thomas, 1914); Callicebus cupreus acreanus (Cruz Lima, 1945).
Distribution: South-eastern Peru, in the part adjacent of the Acre territory of Brasil and Bolivia and including these territories.
Remarks: In the original description of the locality of the type there is a mistake that can cause confusion. The TahuamanuRiver is not in the North-east, as indicated, and fortunately the exact coordinates have also been given.
Hill, 1960
Callicebus cupreus toppinii
Type locality:Rio Tahuamanu, south-eastern Peru, near Bolivian border. Type in BritishMuseum.
Distribution: Known only from the type locality.
Description: Allied to cupreus and ustofuscus, having the same grizzled brown upper parts and crown-hairs similarly tipped with buff; a thin black superciliary fringe as in ustofuscus. Ears with red-brown hairs, but toppini is distinguished from all other races with red-haired ears in having dark tips to caudal hairs. Lacking the elongated pale mantle of paenulatus.
Under parts red as in typical cupreus, a trifle lighter than in ustofuscus, but on hind-limbs rufous area more extended, covering the knee and a little proximal thereto. Tail hairs grey mixed with black, but on proximal two-thirds hairs are black tipped, lacking the whitish or buffish tips of cupreus.
Skull: see measurements in publication.
Hershkovitz, 1963
Callicebus moloch brunneus
Synonyms: Callithrix brunnea (Wagner, 1842); Callithrix brunnea (Wagner, 1848); Callithrix castaneoventris (Gray, 1866), Callicebus toppini (Thomas, 1914); Callicebus olallae (Lönnberg, 1939); Callicebus modestus (Lönnberg, 1939); Callicebus cupreus acreanus (Vieira, 1952); Callithrix cuprea (Goeldi and Hagman, 1904); Callicebus caligatus (Osgood – not Wagner -, 1916).
Type locality: Brazil, subsequently specified as Cachoeira da Bananeira, Rio Mamoré, upper Rio Madeira, State of Guaporé. The distributional pattern of the race, however, indicates that the type almost certainly originated on the Bolivian side of the river (Rio Mamoré) in the department of Beni. Four cotypes in ViennaMuseum.
Distribution: The upper Rio Madeira and Rio Purus basins in Acre and Guaporé 9Lower Rio Guaporé), Brazil, the departments of Madre de Dios, Puno and Cusco, Peru, thence east to the Rio Beni in the department of Beni, Bolivia. Altitudinal range from approximately 100 to 650 meters above sea level.
Description: (key to species:) general body colour grey, reddish or brown; under parts like back or sharply defined reddish orange or buff; hind feet black, brown, red or grey, tail grey or blackish with tip grey or grey mixed with black; throat like chest; forearms grey, red, dark brown sometimes blackish above; upper surface of hands grey to blackish never sharply contrasted with colour of upper side of wrists.
Forehead grey sometimes edged with black or dominantly black to blackish brown and always well defined from posterior half of crown and nape, outer side of forearms grizzled or more or less uniformly reddish to dark brown. Forehead blackish; under parts of body reddish brown or blackish brown and not always well defined from sides; forearms chestnut, reddish brown or blackish; tail grey, dark brown or blackish. Under parts brownish or reddish brown never well defined from sides; forearms dark brown to blackish; tail dominantly black or dark brownish at least on basal two thirds.
Measurements: see table in publication.
Remarks: the original description of castaneoventris, toppini, olallae, modestus and acreanus, all from the same general area, are based on vague comparisons with cupreus only. No mention was made of other related forms although Lönnberg did attempt to distinguish his modestus from his olallae described in the same paper. It is not surprising therefore, that all should prove equally distinct from cupreus and equal to each other, or brunneus, the oldest available name.
The described characters of Callithrix castaneoventris agree with those of brunneus down to the white tip of its tail. Thomas affirmed the distinction of castaneoventris from caligatus, but authors have usually identified the first with the second or its senior synonym, cupreus. Cabrera (1958) sank acreanus in the synonymy of toppini, where it undoubtly belongs except that brunneus is the prior name for the titis of this region. Callicebus olallae from the Rio Beni, Bolivia, was also disposed of by Cabrera, this time in synonymy of brunneus which he regarded as a distinct species. Judged by the description, the type and only known specimen of olallae has all the important diagnostic characters of Callicebus moloch brunneus and others which suggest intergadation with C. m. donacophilus. The name olallae, proposed in honour of its collector, was misspelled ollallae by Cabrera (1958) and ollalae by Hill (1960).
The original characterization of the subadult and adult cotypes of Callicebus modestus from higher up the Rio Beni, points to complete intergradation between brunneus and donacophilus. Geographically, modestus could be assigned to either race. The hands and feet of both specimens are black as in brunneus. The tail is described as “speckled blackish and greyish white”, but with the black “dominating in the middle for about two thirds” in the adult. If this means that the tail is dominantly blackish for two thirds its length, then the older cotype of modestus is more like brunneus, in this respect. On the other hand, the ears of modestus (and the type of olallae) are said to be tufted with white, a feature which is more conspicuously developed in donacophilus than in any other race. Cabrera (1958) treats modestus as a synonym of modestus. The original description of modestus, however, suggests a darker animal than any now identified with donacophilus.
Specimens examined:
Brazil – Guaporé: Porto Velho.
Peru – Cusco: Huaijumbe, Marcapata; Madre de Dios: Itahuania; Puno: Condamo.
Hershkovitz, 1990
Callicebus cupreus cupreus
Synonyms: Callithrix cuprea (Spix, 1823); Callicebus egeria (Thomas, 1908); Callicebus toppini (Thomas, 1914); Callicebus acreanus (Vieira, 1952); Callithrix discolor (I. Geoffroy, 1851 – part).
Type Locality:RioSolimoes, Brazil, near the Peruvian boundary; restricted to Tabatinga by Hershkovitz (1963a, p. 36), but should be Rio Solimoes opposite Tabatinga because the species does not occur on the north bank or Tabatinga side of the Solimoes. Restriction of the type locality of Callicebus cupreus Spix to the "Peruvian Amazonas" by Thomas (1908, p. 90) is not valid. The types originated in Brazil. Lectotype in the Zoologische Staatssammlung, München.
Distribution: South bank of the Amazonas-Solimoes from the left bank of the Rio Purus, Amazonas, Brazil, west to the east bank of the Rio Ucayali, in Loreto and northern Ucayali, Peru, south in the Rio Purus basin in Acre, Brazil, Loreto, and Madre de Dios, Peru; altitudinal range to approximately 200 m above sea level. Specimens in the AmericanMuseum of Natural History from Rio Urubamba and from Sarayacu may have been collected elsewhere.
Description: Sideburns, legs, and under parts uniformly reddish contrasting with buffy agouti of upper and outer sides of trunk and crown; forehead like crown but usually with blackish fringe formed by superciliary vibrissae and bases of marginal hairs.
Measurements: See publication.
Comparisons: Distinguished from Callicebus cupreus ornatus and nearly all C. c. discolor by absence of contrastingly pale transverse frontal blaze; however, a few dominantly whitish frontal hairs sometimes present; from C. c. ornatus and C. oenanthe by uniformly reddish arms and cheiridia; from C. caligatus and C. brunneus by entire crown buffy to orange agouti, cheiridia reddish; from all other forms of Callicebus by one or more of the above characters.
Specimens Examined: Total 130.
Brazil - Acre: Iquiri (holotype of acrensis); Manoel Urbano; Sao Luiz da Mamoria; Sena Madureira; Amazonas: Aiapua; Eirunepe; Fonte Boa; Igarape Gordao; Itaboca; Jaburu; Joao Pessoa; Pauini; Porta da Castanha, Tefe; Rio Jurua; Santa Cruz; Santo Antonio; Tefe (holotype of egeria).
Peru - Loreto: Balta; Cashiboya; Cerro Azul; Orosa; Pavas; Madre de Dios: Rio Inuya; Rio Tapiche; Rio Yavari; "Sarayacu,"; Tahuamanu (holotype of toppini); Ucayali: "Rio Urubamba,".
Groves, 2001
Callicebus cupreus
Synonyms: Callithrix cuprea (Spix, 1823); Callithrix caligata (Wagner, 1842); Callithrix discolor (I. Geoffroy and Deville, 1848); Callithrix castaneoventris (Gray, 1866); Callithrix cuprea leucometopus (Cabrera, 1900); Callicebus subrufus (1907); Callicebus ustofuscus (Elliot, 1907); Callicebus egeria (Thomas, 1908); Callicebus paenulatus (Elliot, 1909); Callicebus toppinii (Thomas, 1914); Callicebus cupreus napoleon (Lönnberg, 1922); Callicebus rutteri (Thomas, 1923); Callicebus cupreus acreanus (Vieira, 1952) and Callicebus dubius (Hershkovitz, 1988).
Distribution: South of the Napo-Solimoes, from the Rio Purus-Ituxi to the Andes; Hernandez-Camacho and Cooper (1976) mapped it as far north as the southern bank of the Rio Guamues, in extreme southern Colombia. A population on the Rio Sucusari, a lower left-bank tributary of Rio Napo, was reported by Brooks and Pando-Vasquez (1997).
Description: Hairs have a long maroon-brown base, a straw-coloured band, a black band, another straw band, and sometimes a black tip. Hands and feet red. Tail brindled (hairs have straw-coloured base, long blackish shaft, straw tip). Crown agouti, becoming black anteriorly for various distances, but including forehead; sideburns reddish or orange; a white brown band variably present. Underside sharply marked reddish or orange, this tone extending to sides of the neck and inner surface of limbs; hands and feet reddish to whitish.
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