Hoffmannsegg, 1807
Cebus moloch
Type locality: Pará, Brazil.
Description: Mouse-grey; temples, sides of the face and undersides rust-coloured. Tail brown, on the tip like the hands, whitish.
It is large as a small cat, the tail very thin, but more than a hand’s breadth longer as the body. The head is small, and egg-shaped. The grey hairs on the head are short and directed backwards; the hairs on the sides are up to one inch long and at longest on the chin, directed to all sides, with an almost bold spot on the throat.
The hairs of the forehead cover the front till the eyebrows completely, and become downwards shorter; there develops a thin stripe of longer black hairs. Short white hairs on the upper lip. Face bald and brownish, probably flesh-red coloured in life. Only on the sides of the head and the lips are white hairs.
I have indicated the twofold colouration of the Moloch already in the beginning on such a way that nothing needs to be added, it can be compared to a leave that is painted grey on the upper side but rust-red on the underside. When one observes it from above, nothing but mouse-grey can be seen; from below the body is completely rust-coloured, with only on the borders the longer grey hairs. The hairs are on the forehead, where they are at shortest, only ¼ of an inch, but become longer towards the backside, and are 50mm long near the tail.
The colour of the hairs needs more attention. At the base they are pale-grey, then they are over a third of their length brown-grey, and from their there are three to four alternating rings of dirty-white and grey-brown, resulting in seven to nine rings of 2 to 3 mm wide, but the tips are usually dark. Sometimes the brown dominates – mostly on the back-, sometimes the grey – mostly on the head, feet and sides. He hairs on the four hands are very short, mixed with that many white hairs that they become almost completely white.
The tail is at the base rather thick, but the hairs lie towards the tip closer to the each other and the tail becomes therefore thinner. The hairs loose their whitish rings and become almost uniform grey-black mixed with some brown. The bushy tip is of dirty whitish hairs, a colour that can also be found on the underside of the terminal part of the tail.
As mentioned before, the rust-red colour dominates on the underside of the body, the head and the legs, with the exception of the tail, till the sides of the head and the temples. On the sides of the head and the temples, on the forearms and lower legs, are the rust-coloured hairs very dense and shorter; on the breast, belly and thighs they become longer, but are less dense, at some places that sparse that the skin is visible.
The rust-colour is in several individuals, which I judge to be younger, especially on the face, straw-yellow to yellowish-white.
Measurements: head and body 314mm; tail 450mm.
Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812
Callithrix moloch
Distribution: Brazil.
Description: Pelage reddish-grey: temples, cheeks and belly a vivid red: the end of the tail and the hands white.
Spix, 1813
Simia moloch (Hoffmannsegg)
Description: Upper side mouse-grey, the back more brownish. The cheeks, the underside, the inner side of the four limbs completely rusty-coloured; the tail, somewhat 3 fingers longer than the body, is grey-black, the tip just like the hands, feet and forehead grey-whitish. The hairs on the head, hands and feet short, on the forehead somewhat standing forwards, for the rest of the body long and directed back- or downwards. Some small blackish hairs on the upper lip.
Desmarest, 1819
Callithrix moloch
Synonyms: Callithrix moloch (Geoffroy, 1812); Cebus moloch (Hoffmannsegg, 1807).
Distribution:Brazil.
Description: This monkey from Brazil, named moloch by M. de Hoffmannsegg, is one of the most beautiful that we have observed. It is a bit smaller than the capuchin monkey. The upper side of the body, of his head and his neck and of the outer sides of the limbs are covered with hairs that are ringed grey-brown and white, which results in a uniform and nice mixture of these two hues. The tail is half as long as the body, rather luxurious towards the base and thin at the end; it is covered with hairs that are speckled with grey-brown, blackish and dirty white, and the rings on the hairs are wider than those on the body; the upper side of the feet, and especially the hands, and the tip of the tail, are bright grey, almost white. The face is naked and dark; the cheeks, under side of neck, chest, abdomen, inner sides of limbs are a pretty rufous-reddish, fading into red on the parts contiguous with the grey parts of the body.
Desmarest, 1820
Callithrix moloch
Synonyms: Cebus moloch (Hoffmannsegg, 1809); Callithrix moloch (Geoffroy, 1812).
Distribution: Brazil.
Description: Pelage ash-coloured, hairs ringed on the upper parts; temples, cheeks and belly vivid red; tip of the tail and hands light grey, almost white. Tail almost half as long as body.
The upper side of the body, of his head and his neck and of the outer sides of the limbs are covered with hairs that are ringed light grey and pale brown, which results in a uniform and nice mixture of these two hues. The hairs of the tail (which is rather luxurious towards the base and thin at the end) are ringed with grey-brown, blackish and dirty white. The outer side of the limbs are paler grey than the upper parts of the body; the upper side of the feet, and especially the hands, and the tip of the tail, are bright grey, almost white. The face is naked and dark; some rigid black hairs on the cheeks and the chin; hairs on the crown short; the cheeks, under side of neck, chest, abdomen, inner sides of limbs are a pretty rufous-reddish, fading into red on the parts contiguous with the grey parts of the body, which are clearly separated.
Kuhl, 1820
Callithrix moloch
Distribution: Pará.
Description: Under side rusty-red. Upper side greyish (hairs ringed and long), tip of tail and hands white.
Schinz, 1821
Callithrix moloch
Distribution: Pará.
Description: Mouse-grey, temples, cheek and belly rusty-colour, tail brown with white tip, hands white.
Desmarest, 1827
Callithrix moloch
Synonyms: Cebus moloch (Hoffmannsegg, 1809); Callithrix moloch (Geoffroy, 1812).
Distribution: Brazil.
Description: We have seen this monkey in the museum; its size is twice that of the squirrel monkey, and the tail almost half as long as body.
The upper side of the body, of his head and of the outer sides of the limbs are covered with hairs that are alternatively ringed light grey and pale brown, which results in speckled appearance. The tail is rather luxurious towards the base and thin at the end, has hairs that are ringed with grey-brown, blackish and dirty white. The upper side of the feet, and especially the hands, and the tip of the tail, are bright grey, almost white. The face is naked and dark with some rigid black hairs on the cheeks and the chin; hairs on the crown short and not flat; the hairs of the cheeks, under side of neck, chest, abdomen, inner sides of limbs are rufous-reddish, fading into red on the parts, especially near the grey parts of the body, which are clearly separated.
Lesson, 1827
Saguinus moloch
Synonym: Saguinus moloch (Desmarest, 1820); Cebus moloch (Hoffmannsegg, 1807); Callithrix moloch (Geoffroy, 1812).
Distribution: Pará.
Description: Ash-grey pelage, ringed hairs on upper parts; temples, cheeks and belly vivid red; tip of tail and hands light grey, almost white.
Cuvier, 1827
Simia callithrix moloch
Synonyms: Cebus moloch (Hoffmannsegg, 1809); Callithrix moloch (Geoffroy, 1812).
Distribution: Para.
Description: Fur ash-coloured, formed of annulated hairs above; temples, cheeks, and belly bright red; tip of the tail and hands greyish white.
Geoffroy, 1829
Callithrix moloch
Description: Pelage ashy-reddish; temples, cheeks and belly a vivid red; the tip of the tail and the hands white.
Fischer, 1829
Cebus moloch
Synonyms: Cebus moloch (Hoffmannsegg, 1807); Callithrix moloch (Geoffroy, 1812; Kuhl, 1820; Desmarest, 1819, 1820, 1827); Simia moloch (Humboldt, 1812; Spix, 1823); Saguinus moloch (Lesson, 1827).
Lesson, 1829
Callithrix moloch
Synonyms: Cebus moloch (Hoffmannsegg, 1809); Callithrix moloch (Geoffroy, 1812).
Distribution: Pará.
Description: His size is about twice the size of a squirrel monkey. Pelage ash-coloured, but as the hairs are ringed, this results in that the back as well as the outside of the limbs are nicely variated; the outer side of the limbs are paler grey than the upper parts of the body; the upper side of the feet, and especially the hands, and the tip of the tail, are bright grey, almost white. The face is naked and brownish; some rigid hairs on the cheeks and the chin; the under side of the body and inner sides of limbs are a vivid rufous-reddish, stopping at the grey parts of the body without transition; the tail has rather long hairs at the base, then short at the tip, ringed with grey-brown-blackish and dirty-white.
Voigt, 1831
Simia (Callithrix) moloch
Description: The temple, cheeks and underside red, tail brown with a white tip, hands white.
Jardine, 1833
Callithrix moloch
Distribution: Peru.
Synonym: Cebus moloch (Hoffmansegg, 1807); Simia moloch (Humboldt, 1812).
Description: grey; temples, cheek, and belly, bright reddish; hands, and the end of the tail nearly white.
Lesson, 1838
Callithrix moloch
Synonym: Cebus moloch (Hoffmannsegg, 1807); Callithrix moloch (Desmarest, 1820).
Distribution: Pará.
Description: Pelage grey; but as the hairs are annulated, the back and the outside of the extremities are nicely variated; the outside of the extremities are paler than the body; the grey of the hands and the tip of the tail is very light and almost white; the face is naked, brownish, covered with some rigid hairs on the cheeks and the chin; the under side of the body and inner sides of the arms and legs are vivid reddish, sharply demarcated from the grey of the body; the tail is covered with long hairs at the base, but shorter at the tip, and annulated grey-brown, blackish and dirty-white.
Wagner, 1840
Callithrix moloch
Synonyms: Callicebus moloch (Hoffmannsegg, 1807; Geoffroy, 1812; Kuhl, 1820; Desmarest, 1820); Simia Saki Moloch (Spix, 1813); Humboldt, 1812).
Locality: Pará.
Description: the upper and underside of the body is light mixed greyish, on the back more towards brownish and on the four hands more towards whitish; the hairs are annulated whitish and blackish or brownish. Darkest is the tail, which hairs are mixed blackish and brownish, the first colour being dominant; the tip is more light brownish. The whole underside of the body, the inner side of the limbs and the cheeks are nicely pale-red, towards ochreous.
Measurements: head and body 300mm; tail 373-400mm.
Lesson, 1840
Saguinus moloch
Synonyms: Cebus moloch (Hoffmannsegg, 1807; Fischer, 1829); Callithrix moloch (Geoffroy, 1812; Kuhl, 1820; Desmarest, 1819, 1820, 1827; Spix, 1823; Lesson, 1829); Simia moloch (Humboldt, 1812); Saguinus moloch (Lesson, 1827); Simia callithrix moloch (Griffith, 1829; Voigt, 1831; Jardine, 1846).
Distribution: Pará
Description: Pelage ash-coloured, formed by ringed long hairs; extremities of a lighter ashy-colour, to whitish on the hands and tail; face naked, brownish; underside body and inner side limbs reddish; hairs of the tail with grey-brown and whitish rings. Twice the size of a squirrel monkey.
Variation A (callicebus.nl: this is probably C. cupreus):
Distribution: Brazil, the forests of the Solimoes, on the border with Peru.
Thick pelage; naked face, blackish; a small line of white hairs on the upper lip; a moustache of some black hairs; back brown-grey; head reddish; cheeks, throat, chest; abdomen and hands coppery; tail greyish-red, ending in black; the other parts varying in brown, black or whitish.
Schinz, 1844
Callithrix moloch
Synonyms: Callithrix moloch (Hoffmannsegg, 1807; Geoffroy, 1812); Simia saki moloch (Spix, 1813).
Distribution:Pará, Brazil.
Description: The upper and outer side of the body is light-greyish, the hairs white and blackish annulated. On the back more brownish; the tail black-grey. The undersides of the body, inner sides of legs and cheeks pale-red, almost ochraceous-yellow.
I. Geoffroy, 1844
Callithrix moloch
Synonyms: Cebus moloch (Hoffmannsegg, 1807); Callithrix moloch (Geoffroy, 1812); Saguinus moloch (1840).
Description: PLATE! On the head, outer side of the arms and forearms, thighs and legs, ash-coloured speckled with white. On the neck, the back and the loins, reddish. Under side, in its totality, brown-reddish. The four hands reddish-whitish. All under and internal parts a vivid red.
Lesson, 1848
Callithrix moloch
Distribution: Pará.
Description: greyish on the back, reddish on the under parts, the hands and the tip of the tail white.
Boitard, 1848
Saguinus moloch
Synonyms: Saguinus moloch (Lesson, 1827); Callithrix moloch (I. Geoffroy); Cebus moloch (Hoffmannsegg, 1807; Fischer, 1829); Cebus cupreus (female) (Spix, 1823); Simia moloch (Humboldt, 1812).
Distribution:Brasil and Pará.
Description: Its pelage is ash-coloured, with long hairs that are ringed black and white; the limbs are a bit paler, fading into whitish on the hands as well as on the extremity of the tail, where the hairs are ringed grey-brown and dirty-white. His face is brownish, naked and the under side of the body as well as the interior of the limbs is a bright reddish. Sometimes he has the pelage more towards reddish, with the cheeks, temples and the belly bright red, and the tip of the tail and the hands white; this is the Simia moloch of Humboldt.
One variety, the Cebus cupreus of Spix, Fischer and Cuvier, can be found in Brasil, in the forests of the Solimoes. It has a more luxurious fur; the face blackish; the head reddish; the cheeks, the throat, the chest, the belly and the hands coppery; a small white moustache on the upper lip; the back brown-greyish; the tail grey-reddish with the extremity black; the other parts are varied brown, black or whitish.
Wagner, 1848
Callithrix moloch
Synonyms: Callithrix moloch (Hoffmannsegg, 1807; I. Geoffroy, 1844); Simia saki moloch (Spix, 1813).
Locality: Villa de Tagajor, near Campina. This should be in the neighbourhood of Pará, on the mouth of the Amazon.
I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1851
Callithrix moloch
Remarks: The ParisMuseum has two specimens:
- one of the types of the species. From Brazil. Donated in 1808 to the museum by M. Hoffmannsegg;
- a male that lived in the Menagerie. The figure in the Archives volume 4 was painted when the animal was still alive.
This species is related to C. discolor, but the under parts are cinnamon red and white, while this colour is mahogany in discolor.
Wagner, 1855
Callithrix moloch
Synonym: Callithrix moloch (Hoffmannsegg, 1806; Wagner, 1840, 1848; I. Geoffroy, 1844, 1851).
Distribution: Para.
Measurements: body 300mm; tail 375-400mm.
Dahlbom, 1857
Callithrix moloch
Description: All hands grey. The body hair has olive colour on top and outer sides, yellow-brown black and greyish of mixed shades. The abdomen and hind limbs and sometimes even the insides of the front limbs are rust-red. The hair of the cheeks, the throat and the chest is rust-red, the tail black of mixed shades.
Measurements: body 370mm; tail 440mm.
Reichenbach, 1862
Callithrix moloch
Synonyms: Cebus moloch (Hoffmannsegg, 1807; Fischer, 1829); Simia moloch (Humboldt, 1812; Spix, 1813); Callithrix moloch (Geoffroy, 1812; I. Geoffroy, 1844, 1851).
Distribution: Pará, Brazil.
Description: upper side of head, outer sides of arms and forearms, legs and thighs ashy-grey, white spotted. Neck, back and lower back reddish. Tail almost completely red-brown. All hands red-yellow-whitish, under side and inner sides vivid yellow-red.
Measurements: head and body 281mm; tail 355mm.
PLATE
Gray, 1866
Callithrix moloch (Hoffmannsegg)
Description: Fur soft, with abundant, elongated, stiffer hairs. The hands and feet white.
Gray, 1870
Callithrix moloch
Distribution: Brazil.
Synonyms: Cebus moloch (Hoffmannsegg, 1807); Callithrix moloch (Geoffroy, 1812).
Description: Fur dark grey, black-and-red grizzled; cheeks, chest, and belly red; hands and feet dark grey.
Schlegel, 1876
Callithrix moloch
Synonyms: Callithrix moloch (Hoffmannsegg, 1806; I. Geoffroy, 1844).
Distribution: This species lives on the southern margins of the lower Amazon and the Rio Pará. The traveller of Hoffmannsegg, Sieber, has discovered the species at the latter locality. Natterer shot individuals near the mouth of the Tabajos (von Pelzeln). Bates observed them near Aveyros, situated on the margins of the Tabajos, at some 40 hours walking from its mouth.
Description: Sides of the head, underside throat and body, as well as the inner side of the four limbs a vivid red-reddish. The hairs of the other parts are ringed with black and white-greyish, the first colour dominates on the tail, the second on the four hands, and the back is washed with reddish.
Remarks: The Leiden museum has one specimen from Pará.
Von Pelzen, 1883
Callithrix moloch
Synonyms: Callithrix moloch (Wagner, 1848, 1855; Schlegel, 1876).
Distribution: Villa de Tapajoz.
Description: Female, Villa de Tapajoz, in nearby high forest, below the county, the 5th of August 1834. Iris dark hazel brown. The little naked skin of the face black, the upper eyelids somewhat transparent skin colour. The small ears hairy, only the inner side naked, dark brown. The tips of the fingers, their underside, the toes and the underside of the hands and feet hairless and black. Small, brownish genitals.
Main colour of upper body clear ashy-grey mixed with black-brownish, back more brownish, upper site of hands and feet almost white. Cheeks strongly haired and buffish-white, the rest of the lower body and the underside of the arms and legs dark buffish. Tail dark brown, but with light brown roots. Tip of tail vivid yellowish-brown.
Measurements: Total length: 85.1cm; tail 46.4cm.
Jentink, 1892
Callithrix moloch
Remarks: the Leiden museum has two individuals:
- an adult individual, from Pará, Brazil. Obtained in 1870;
- an adult female from Bolivia. Obtained from Frank.
Jentink, 1892
Callithrix moloch
There are two specimens in the Leiden Museum:
a) Adult, Pará, Brasil.
b) Adult female, Bolivia.
Forbes, 1896
Callithrix moloch
Synonyms: Cebus moloch (Hoffmannsegg, 1807); Callithrix moloch (Geoffroy, 1812; I. Geoffroy, 1844; Gray, 1870).
Distribution: Throughout Brazil.
Description: Differs from C. cinerascens in having the cheeks, chest, and belly red. Hands and feet of the same colour as the back, grey.
Trouessart, 1898-1899
Callithrix moloch
Synonym: moloch (Hoffmannsegg, 1807; I. Geoffroy, 1844; Wagner, 1855; Pelzeln, 1883).
Distribution: Brazil, Rio Para, east of Tapajos.
Trouessart, 1904-1905
Callicebus moloch
Distribution: Brazil, in ripa merid. Fl. Amazonia; Rio Para.
Elliot, 1913
Callicebus moloch
Synonyms: Cebus moloch (Hoffmannsegg, 1907); Simia moloch (Humboldt, 1811); Callithrix moloch (Geoffroy, 1812, 1828; Kuhl, 1820; Desmarest, 1820; Wagner, 1840, 1855; I. Geoffroy, 1844, 1851; Dahlbom, 1856; Reichenbach, 1862; Bates, 1863; Gray, 1870; Schlegel, 1876; von Pelzeln, 1883; Weldon, 1884; Forbes, 1984).
Type locality: Banks of the Rio Para.
Distribution: Banks of the Rio Para near the mouth of the Rio Tapajos, Lower Amazon, Brazil.
Description: Cheeks, chest and belly reddish.
Top of head, nape, shoulders and outer sides of arms, brownish grey, the hairs with black tips; rest of upper parts reddish-brown, hairs annulated with black; hind limbs similar to arms but paler; sides of head, under parts and inner side of limbs orange red; hands and feet grey; tail reddish brown and black at base, black and grey washed with brown for remainder, the hairs being pale brownish grey with black tips.
Measurements: Size of C. cupreus.
Skull: occipito-nasal length, 53; Hensel, 40; zygomatic width, 36; intertemporal width, 31 ; length of nasals, 10; length of upper molar series, 15 ; length of mandible, 36;
length of lower molar series, 17.
Remarks: At Aveyros on the Amazon, Bates met with this species, the only monkey in that locality, and which was called by the Indians Thacapu-sai. Although allied to the Cebi he found that it possessed none of their restless activity, but was dull and listless. It goes in small flocks of five or six individuals, and runs along the main boughs of the trees. He obtained an individual one morning at sunrise on a low fruit tree behind his house, the only instance in his experience of one being captured in such a situation, for it must have descended to the ground and walked some distance to reach it. Though kept as a pet by the natives, it is not very amusing and does not live long in captivity.
Rode, 1938
Callithrix moloch
Specimen 97 (687/522) – “one of the types of the species”.
Locality: Brazil.
Remarks: Specimen donated by Count d’Hoffmannsegg in 1808. Adult, good condition, skull in mounted specimen.
Lönnberg, 1939
Callicebus moloch
Synonym: Callicebus remulus (Thomas, 1908).
Locality: The Stockholm museum has 4 specimens originating from east of the Rio Tapajoz, Itapoama; 7 specimens originating from East of the Rio Tapajoz, Aveiros and one specimen originating from Santarem, mouth of the Rio Tapajoz.
Description: Like all titi monkeys these specimens display a certain amount of variation. The colour of the whiskers and the lower parts etc. may be from rather rich ochraceous orange to pale ochraceous buff. The frontal region is from almost white sometimes grizzled and little brownish. The hands and feet may vary from greyish white to pale brownish grey, etc. The description of the tail given by Thomas for his remulus is quite suitable.
Collectors’ measurements:
Males: total length 760/796mm; tail 435/422mm; hind foot 90/98mm.
Females: total length 775/810mm; tail 440/480mm; hind foot 98/100mm.
Skull: measurements of 5 individuals in publication.
Remarks: The diagnose for C. moloch by Wagner is very good for the monkey that Thomas later named C. remulus. From a zoogeographic also it does not appear to be any objection to consider C. remulus (Thomas) as identical with C. moloch (Hoffmannsegg). The latter had namely obtained his animals in the state of Pará, thus on the southern side of lower Amazonas near its mouth. Elliot has added to this concerning the type locality of C. moloch “near the mouth of Rio Tapajos”. The first locality indicated by Thomas for C. remulus is Santarem E. of Rio Tapajoz (1908). A few years later (1913), he adds that it was distributed over “the area between the Amazon, Xingu and Tapajoz, at the north-western corner of which Santarem is situated”. Our specimens are likewise from the country E. of Tapajoz. Consequently the type localities of C. moloch and of C. remulus coincide completely, which is a further proof of their identity, whereas C. baptista inhabits a quite different district further west, which appears to have been less explored.
Cabrera and Ypes, 1940
Callicebus moloch
Distribution: Lower Amazon, from the Rio Madeira.
Description: Ash-brownish, somewhat reddish on the lower back; the hands and feet grey; the tail varying brownish, grey and black; under parts bright reddish, continuing on the sides of the throat towards the ears and the cheeks. Size as C. torquatus.
Cruz Lima, 1945
Callicebus moloch
Synonym: Cebus moloch (Hoffmannsegg, 1807).
Description: Top of the head, nape, shoulders and outer sides of arms, brownish grey, the hairs with black tips; rest of upper parts reddish brown, hairs annulated with black; hind limbs to arms but paler; sides of head, under parts and inner side of limbs orange red; hands and feet grey; tail reddish brown and black at base, black and grey washed with brown for remainder, the hairs being pale brownish grey with black tips (description of the type given by Elliot).
Remarks: Type in the Paris Museum.
The differences in the colouring between this and the two preceding species (remulus and hoffmannsi) reside principally on the head and under parts, as may be seen by comparing the descriptions. These differences, however, were not sufficient to avoid confusion with the above forms, principally on the part of former authors, who evidently refer to specimens of other low Amazon species as belonging to moloch. As a result the range of these animals is completely uncertain. The locality of the type, banks of the Para River, is probably a mistake, the existence of representatives of this species not being known to us on the terminal section of the Tocantins geographically known by this name. The specimens for the Tapajoz are in all probability C. remulus, those from the right bank, and C. hoffmannsi, those from the left. The same is the case, probably, with the specimens mentioned by Bates at Aveiros. Elliot’s distribution is ridiculous geographically and Forbes’ is exaggerated, so that we are forced to accept only what remains, i.e. a vague designation of the lower Amazon, southern bank. Lönnberg considers also as belonging to this species the specimens in the Stockholm Museum collected on the right bank of the Tapajoz (Itapoama, Aveiros, Santarem), this being in accordance, as a matter of fact, with his opinion on the identity of this species with remulus.
Vieira, 1955
Callicebus moloch
Synonyms: Cebus moloch (Hoffmannsegg, 1807).
Distribution: Para (Itapoa, Aveiros, Santarem, Rio Tapajos).
Vieira, 1955
Callicebus remulus
Synonyms: Callicebus remulus (Thomas, 1908); Callicebus geoffroyi (Miranda Ribeiro, 1914).
Distribution: South-east of Amazonas; Para (region between Tapajos and Xingu rivers; Santarem, Caxiricatuba, Bom Hardin, Piquiatuba; Rio Araguaia).
Cabrera, 1958
Callicebus moloch moloch
Synonyms: Cebus moloch (Hoffmannsegg, 1807); Simia moloch (Humboldt, 1812); Callithrix moloch (Geoffroy, 1812); Saguinus moloch (Lesson, 1840); Callicebus remulus (Thomas, 1908); Callicebus emiliae (Thomas, 1911); Callicebus moloch (Elliot, 1913).
Distribution: Lower Amazonas, from the mouth of the Tapajos.
Remarks: The concurrence between remulus and moloch has been demonstrated by Lönnberg (1939), who noticed that variations in tinge of the pelage colour can occur on the same locality. C. emiliae, based on only one specimen of the lower Amazon, cannot be considered distinct of the typical form, neither by characters or origin.
Thomas, 1959
Callicebus moloch
Synonym: Cebus hypokantha
Remark: Illeger’s nomen nudum is cited by Olfers in the synonymy of C. moloch.
Hershkovitz, 1963
Callicebus moloch moloch
Synonyms: Cebus moloch (Hoffmannsegg, 1907); Callithrix moloch (Geoffroy, 1812); Callithrix Moloch (Kuhl, 1820); C. moloch (Wagner, 1840); Callicebus moloch (Elliot, 1913); (Callithrix) hypoxanta (Illeger, 1815); (Callithrix) hypokantha (Olfers, 1818); Simia sakir (Giebel, 1855); Callicebus remulus (Thomas, 1908); Callicebus emiliae (Thomas, 1911).
Type locality: Originally said to be “around the city of Pará”, where the species is not known to occur. The type locality is now redetermined as the right bank of the lower Rio Tapajóz, district of Santarem, Para, Brazil. Two cotypes in Berlin Museum, one in Paris Museum.
Distribution: South of the Rio Amazonas, from the left bank of the Rio Tocantins to the right bank of the Rio Tapajoz, Pará, Brazil.
Description: (key to species:) general body colour grey, reddish or brown; under parts like back or sharply defined reddish orange or buff; hind feet black, brown, red or grey, tail grey or blackish with tip grey or grey mixed with black; throat like chest; forearms grey, red, dark brown sometimes blackish above; upper surface of hands grey to blackish never sharply contrasted with colour of upper side of wrists.
Forehead like crown, grey to reddish brown and not defined from nape; outer sides of forearms coarsely ticked greyish, buffy or brown. Sides of head bright yellow or orange sharply contrasting with grizzled crown; upper portion of pinna like crown; tail dominantly blackish at least basally. Upper surface of hands and feet dominantly grey or buff.
Measurements: see table in publication.
Remarks: Specimens from the right bank of the lower Tapajóz agree best with Hoffmannsegg’s description of moloch. They are ochraceous buff to ochraceous orange on undersides of body, inner sides of limbs and sides of face; crown and outer sides of limbs are grey, back greyish brown to reddish brown, tail mixed grey, buff, dark brown and black, the darker colours dominating except at tip.
Callicebus remulus, from Santarem on the right bank of the Tapajóz at its mouth, is practically topotypical of moloch. Thomas compared it only with donacophilus and ornatus. The type of Callicebus emiliae from the “lower Amazons” also belongs here. Said to differ from donacophilus, moloch, ornatus and remulus by its “rich bay or hazel” back, its description actually applies to any one of several specimens of moloch at hand from the lower Rio Tapajóz.
Intergradation between moloch on the right bank of the Rio Tapajóz and the convergent hoffmannsi on the opposite side cannot be achieved except circuitously through donacophilus of south central Brazil.
Specimens examined:
Brazil – Para: Fordlandia, Piquiatuba, Tapaiuna, Tauary, Tavio.
De Vivo, 1985
Callicebus moloch
Locality: Rondonia, Nova Brasilia (11º09’S 61º34’W); Nova Colina (10º48’S 61º43’W).
Remarks: The Nova Colina skin, although more reddish on its under parts than other specimens I have examined of C. moloch (C. moloch moloch sensu Hershkovitz, 1963), is here assigned to this species because it presents the upper parts of limbs grizzled grey with lighter hands and feet, greyish crown and brownish dorsum, becoming greyish brown on the sides.
The records from Rondonia are the south-westernmost of C. moloch, a species previously known only from the state of Para, between the rivers Tapajos and Tocantins. Miranda-Ribeiro (1914) reported C. remulus, a junior synonym of C. moloch, from Urupa, a locality adjacent to Ji-Parana, Rondonia, but I found no specimens from this locality in the Museu Nacional. Miranda-Ribeiro did not describe the skins he assigned to C. remulus and Hershkovitz (1963) judged the specimens to be misidentified C. moloch donacophilus, in which he was followed by later authors. C. cineracens (sic) Spix 1823, was also reported by Miranda-Ribeiro from the headwaters of the Jiparana, then in Mato Grosso, now in Rondonia. One skin from this locality I have seen at the Museu Nacional is not C. moloch and is also quite distinct from donacophilus, which Hershkovitz (1963) thought to be the correct identification of the specimen.
Callicebus geoffroyi of Miranda-Ribeiro, 1914, type locality Urupa, Rondonia, was named after a single skin but was not formally described except for a comment on its similarity to a plate by I. Geoffroy (1844, plate 3) captioned as moloch Hoff. but that Miranda-Ribeiro did not consider to represent “true” moloch. I have not found the holotype of C. geoffroyi in the Museu Nacional but the skin of MNRJ 2925, without locality, is identified by Miranda-Ribeiro himself as geoffroyi (see also Avila-Pires, 1963). This skin is in poor condition but it compares favourably with I. Geoffroy’s plate which, in my opinion, represents an individual of C. moloch. The Museu Nacional specimen differs from the Nova Colina skin by having lighter throat and forehead. This type of variation, however, is found in other series of C. moloch I have examined. Therefore C. geoffroyi Miranda-Ribeiro should be considered a junior synonym of C. moloch Hoffmannsegg, 1807, and not of C. moloch donacophilus D’Orbigny, 1835, as proposed by Hershkovitz (1963).
Pieczarka and Nagamachi, 1988
Callicebus moloch moloch
Locality: Left bank of the Tocantins River, Lake of the Hydroelectric Basin of Tucuri, 60km upriver from Tucuri, Para.
Diploid number of 48: 20 biarmed and 26 autosomes, X submetacentric and Y is a minute chromosome.
The karyotypic differences detected among the subspecies of C. moloch may represent barriers that prevent the formation of intermediate types. The present results also suggest the need for a revision of taxonomic relationships within the genus.
Ferrari and Ferrari, 1990
Callicebus moloch
Localities: Belo Monte (49°52’W, 3°21’S); Anilzinho (51°46’W, 3°04’S), Central Pará.
Hershkovitz, 1990
Callicebus moloch
Synomyms: Callicebus moloch (Hoffmannsegg, 1807); Callithrix hypoxanta (Illeger, 1815); Callithrix hypokantha (Olfers, 1818); Callicebus remulus (Thomas, 1908), Callicebus emiliae (Thomas, 1911); Callicebus geoffroyi (Miranda Ribeiro, 1914).
Type Locality: "Unweit der Stadt Para," (Hoffmannsegg, 1807, p. 100), or near the town of Belem, Para, Brazil. Syntypes are several male and female individuals, two of which are or have been in the Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universidad, Berlin, and one in the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris.
Distribution: Amazonian Brazil south of the Rio Amazonas in the states of Para, Mato Grosso, and neighbouring parts of Amazonas and Rondonia. In Para from the west bank of Rio Tocantins-Araguaia west to the east bank of the Rio Tapajos, south to the headwaters of the Rios Araguaia, Xingu, and Tapajos in northern Mato Grosso, west to the east bank of the Rio Jiparana in Rondonia and east bank of the Rio Aripuana in Amazonas.
Description: Upper and outer surface of head, trunk, and limbs buffy or "greyish" agouti to pale brown agouti; forehead not sharply defined from greyish crown to distinctly paler, whitish ear tufts inconspicuous or absent; sideburns, under parts of body, and inner side of limbs sharply contrasted orange; hairs of tail dominantly blackish agouti terminally, orange or buffy basally, terminal portion including pencil buffy.
Measurements: See publication.
Comparisons: Distinguished from C. cupreus and C. caligatus by outer surface of forelimbs agouti; from cinerascens by uniformly orange inner sides of limbs, chest, and belly; from C. brunneus by forehead and crown greyish agouti; from C. dubius, C. cupreus discolor, C. c. ornatus, and C. oenanthe by absence of frontal blaze; from C. donacophilus, C. modestus, and C. olallae by sharply contrasted bright orange sideburns and absence of conspicuous whitish ear tufts; from donacophilus by absence of malar stripe; from C. hoffmannsi by upper surface of hands buffy and usually paler than outer side of arms, pencilled tip of tail consistently buffy; from other species by one or more of above characters.
Specimens Examined: Total 184, all in Brazil.
Amazonas: Castanhos, Foz do; Sao Joao, Rio Jamari; Tamaruri; Main Grosso: Arinos, Rio; Fazenda Sao Jose, Rio Peixoto de Acevedo; Rio Arraios, alto Rio Xingu; Rio Teles Pires; Para: Aramanai, Igarape; Arumateua, Rio Tocantins; Aveiros; Baiao(opp.); Belterra; Bom Jardim; Cachimbo; Carajas, Serra; Caxiricatuba; Cuiaba-Itaituba; Cucari; Curuatinga; Cururu, Rio; Curua, Foz do; Fordlandia; Ipanema; Iriri, Rio; Itaituba-Jacareacanga, km 14; Itapuama; Lucilandia-Xinguara; Maica; Maruca; Monte Cristo; Mundo Novo, Igarape, Rio Iriri; Piquiatuba; Santarem; Santarem-Cuiaba, km 82; Santarem-Cuiaba, km 212; Santarem-Cuiaba-Itaituba, BR 165; Santo Antonio, Rio Tocantins; Sao Joao, Rio Araguaia; Saude; Tamaruri, Rio Cucari; Tapaiuna; Taperinha; Tauary; Tavio; Tucurui, Rio Tocantins; Rondonia: Alvorado d'Oeste, Linha 64, BR 429, Km 87. Nova Brasilia; Nova Colonia.
Schneider, et al., 1993
Callicebus moloch
Locality:apprehended during the building of the Tucurui Dam in the Tocantins River, state of Para, Brazil
Remarks: Estimates of genetic similarity between the taxa showed that C. moloch is the most differentiated, since it presented genetic distances of 0.059 and 0.066 when compared to C. brunneus and C. cupreus, respectively; the most distinctive loci are GPI and CA2. On the other hand, the genetic distance between C. brunneus and C. cupreus showed a value of 0.008 only. This estimate is quite similar to those observed among other New World monkeys at the subspecies level. In fact, assuming Thorpe's (1982) criteria, that genetic distances lower than 15% would be typical of those separating subspecies, we would have to consider the three taxa investigated here as belonging to a single species. As shown in the table, cytogenetic studies in the genus Callicebus are scarce. The karyotypes of eight of the 13 species in this genus are still unknown. However, the three species considered in the present study have already been karyotyped. Consideration of the biochemical and cytogenetic data together, therefore, establishes that:
a) the comparison which showed the largest chromosome difference (brunneuslcupreus) is the one presenting the least differentiation at the biochemical level; and
b) the cytogenetic diversity is compatible with divergence at the species level, unlike the biochemical data.
Ferrari and Aparecida Lopes, 1995
Callicebus moloch
Localities:Lago dos Reis, Amazonas (7º32'S, 62º52'W) and Calama, Rondonia (8º03'S, 62º53'W).
Measurements: Female/male: body 290/284mm; weight 1,020gr/860gr.
Remarks: Specimens (stuffed skins and skeletons) were deposited at the Goeldi Museum in Belem.
Kobayashi, 1995
Based on cranial measurements, the genus can be divided in two major clusters, which can be further divided into several clusters:
Cluster 1: with the donacophilus cluster (including modestus, olallae, d. donacophilus and d. pallescens), the cupreus cluster (including caligatus, c. cupreus, c. discolor and c. ornatus) and the moloch cluster (including brunneus, h. hoffmannsi, h. baptista, moloch and cinerascens).
Cluster 2: with the personatus cluster (including p. personatus, p. nigrifrons, p. melanochir, dubius and t. purinus) and the torquatus cluster (including t. lucifer, t. lugens, t. medemi, t. regulus and t. torquatus).
The phylogenetic position of C. modestus is morphometrically debatable, since it was clustered with the donacophilus group by the analysis of the Q-mode correlation coefficients, but its plots on the principal component analysis was isolated away from those of any other forms. Although Hershkovitz (1988, 1990) pointed out the elongated skull's unusual appearance and regarded it as the most primitive species in the genus, considerable doubt exist that it might be an anomalous mutant, since only one adult specimen is known. If the curious character of its cranial morphology is in fact stable, C. modestus might be assignable an independent group as indicated by HERSHKOVITZ (1988, 1990). In order to clarify its true status, sufficient numbers of samples need to be collected.
Brooks, 1996
Callicebus moloch
The range of Callicebus is restricted to north-eastern Paraguay. Animals were observed at Cerro Leon, Cerro San Miguel and Estancia San José.
Ferrari et al., 1996
Callicebus moloch?
Locality: Pimenta Bueno Rondonia, Brazil.
Remarks: The animals were certainly not members of the distinctly brown-coloured Callicebus brunneus, the species found at other sites in Rondonia, west of the Jiparaná (Hershkovitz, 1990; Ferrari and Lopes, 1992; Ferrari et al., 1995), but were greyish in colour similar to Callicebus moloch, the distribution of which has previously been restricted to the east of the Jiparaná/Madeira Rivers.
Ferrari and Iwanga, 1996
Callicebus moloch
Locality: Pimenta Bueno Municipal Park, west of the Rio Jiparaná, Rondonia, Brazil (see map).
Remarks: The animals were with certainty not the brown-coloured Callicebus brunneus, the species found west of the Jiparaná; they were greyish in colour similar to the Callicebus moloch.
Toledo et al., 1999
Callicebus moloch moloch
Locality: Carajás region, Pará, Brazil.
Ferrari et al., 2000
Callicebus moloch
Localities: see map.
Distribution: North of the Serra dos Pacaás Novos the geographic ranges of C. brunneus, C. caligatus, and C. moloch are clearly limited by two major rivers, the Madeira and the Jiparaná, as indicated by Hershkovitz (1990) and Ferrari and Lopes (1992).
There is no evidence to suggest that the other two species found in southern Rondonia - C. brunneus and C. moloch - are ecologically distinct, by contrast, which suggests that a contact zone exists somewhere between the Serra dos Pacaás Novos, to the north, and the Chapada dos
Parecis, to the south. The characteristics of this contact zone remain unclear, i.e. whether sympatry or even hybridization occurs, but it is interesting to note that at two sites (marked A and B on the map) located south of the Pacaás Novos, some of the monkeys observed were relatively lightly-coloured (more similar to C. moloch) in contrast with the typical dun tones of C. brunneus. Local residents also confirmed the existence of two distinct types of titis in different areas at this site.
Groves, 2001
Callicebus moloch
Synonyms: Cebus moloch (Hoffmannsegg, 1807); Callithrix hypoxantha (Illeger, 1815 – nom numen); Callithrix hypokantha (Olfers, 1818); Simia sakir (Giebel, 1855); Callicebus remulus (Thomas, 1908); Callicebus emiliae (Thomas, 1911) and Callicebus geoffroyi (Miranda Ribeiro, 1914).
Distribution: South of the Amazon, from Rio Tocantins-Araguaia to Rio Tapajos.
Description: Body lighter, redder than in C. hoffmannsi and C. baptista; the hairs with short, light grey base, usually four alternating pairs of bands, light red and black, tip usually black. Crown light grey, the hairs with very long white base, black shaft, white tip. Limbs much greyer than body, becoming light tawny towards hands and feet, which are buffy white. Tail black, with tendency to have a light tip. Underside fiery red, this tone broadly extending to inner aspects of limbs (including hands and feet), cheeks, and chin.
Remarks: I expected that when I was able to examine skins for myself, I would reduce all three (moloch, baptista and hoffmannsi) to subspecies under C. moloch; instead, study of the specimens in AMNH demonstrated to me that each is specifically distinct.
Vaz, 2001
Callicebus moloch
Localities:Belterra (02º35’S, 54º58’W), Cajutuba (02º40’S, 55º00’W), Aramanaí (02º43’S, 55º00’W), Maguarí (02º47’S, 55º01’W) e Piquiatuba (03º03’S, 55º06’W). Caxiricatuba (03º02’S, 55º06’W); Piquiatuba.
Roosmalen et al., 2002
Callicebus moloch
Type locality:Near the town of Belém, Pará, Brazil (Hoffmannsegg, 1807). The syntypes are several individuals collected by Mr. Sievers and in 1808 donated by Count von Hoffmannsegg to the Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universität, Berlin, Germany, and an adult individual, mounted with skull in skin, no. 687(522), Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France.
Distribution:Brazilian Amazonia south of the Rio Amazonas in the States of Pará and Mato Grosso. In Pará, from the west bank of Rio Tocantins/Araguaia west as far as the east bank of Rio Tapajós, south as far as Ilha do Bananal, north of the confluence of Rio das Mortes with the Rio Araguaia; in Mato Grosso, as far west as the Rio Juruena, including the headwaters of the Rio Xingú (M. G. M. van Roosmalen collected a specimen shot by a Waurá Indian hunter along Rio Von den Steinen). In the north-western part of its range, the species is parapatric with C. hoffmannsi along the lower Rio Tapajós, and in the south-western corner of its range it is parapatric with C. cinerascens along the upper Rio Juruena.
Description:Upper and outer surface of head, trunk, and limbs buffy or greyish to pale brown agouti; forehead not sharply defined from greyish crown or distinctly paler, lacking whitish ear tufts; sideburns, under parts of body, and inner side of limbs sharply contrasting light orange to buff-orangish; cheiridia not sharply contrasting buffy; hairs of tail blackish agouti terminally, orange or buffy basally, distal half of tail including pencil buffy. Distinguished from C. cinerascens by uniformly light orange instead of greyish sideburns and inner sides of limbs, chest, and belly; from C. brunneus by greyish agouti instead of dark-brown to black forehead and crown; from C. hoffmannsi by rather contrasting buffy instead of undefined blackish agouti upper surface of hands and feet, and distal half of tail buffy instead of entirely blackish agouti to black; from C. bernhardi by lack of silvery to whitish ear tufts, light orange to buff-orangish instead of dark orange sideburns, under parts of body, and inner side of limbs, upper and outer surface of head, trunk, and limbs buffy or greyish to pale brown agouti instead of blackish agouti mixed with brown on the back, the distal half of the tail buffy instead of an entirely blackish agouti to black tail with sharply contrasted white pencil, and buffy upper surface of hands and feet slightly paler than outer side of arms and legs much less strikingly contrasted than in C. bernhardi with its white upper surface of hands and feet.
Pimenta and Souza e Silva Júnior, 2005
Callicebus moloch
Distribution: the authors provide a large number of new localities in the Tapajós-Xingu interfluvium (see map).
Callicebus moloch is distributed between the Rios Araguaia-Tocantins and Tapajós (Hershkovitz, 1990; Van Roosmalen et al., 2002), limited in the south to the region between the headwaters of the Rios Xingu and Juruena.
Sampaioa and Ferraria, 2005
Callicebus moloch
Locality: Ilha de Germoplasma (0.3°51'53'' S, 49°38'45''W), a 129-ha island in the Tucuruí hydro-electric reservoir in the Brazilian state of Pará.
Ferrari et al., 2007
Callicebus moloch
Locality: Tocantins-Xingu interfluvium (see map); east of the Rio Tapajós;
Alcantarino Menescal et al., 2009
Callicebus moloch
Locality: the western margin of the Tucuruí reservoir on the left bank of the Tocantins, which extends for some 200 km south of the town of Tucuruı´ (03º45’03’’S, 49º40’03’’W).
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