Griffith, 1821
Simia cineracia
Description: Before we proceed to describe the American monkeys distinguished by claws, it may be proper to insert the opposite figure, which is taken from a very pretty little animal, about the size of a small rabbit, lately brought to this country; but not having seen the animal alive, it cannot be here positively stated to which of the subdivisions of Geoffroy, or even the principal divisions of Buffon, viz. the sapajou, or sagoin, it properly belongs. The figure, however, it is presumed, will not be the less interesting. We shall merely add, as a conjecture, that it is a sagoin belonging to the subdivision Callithrix.
Spix, 1823.jpg)
Callithrix cinerascens
Distribution: The forests around the Putumayo or Iça on the border with Peru.
Description: This monkey almost has the size of a squirrel monkey. His occiput and back are grey-reddish, the front of the head, the four limbs and the under side of the body is mouse-grey and the tail black. The head is very long, the face pointed, brownish, naked on the nose, the rest covered with short grey hairs, mixed with some stiff black hairs; longer grey hairs around the face, till the throat; the hairs of the body are not as long as those of the other species of this genus. The ears are a bit truncated, naked inside and very haired on the onside. The hands and feet have the same colour as the rest of the legs.
Temminck, 1827
Remark: Callithrix cinerascens of Spix is nothing but the young of Callithrix melanochir of the Prince of Neuwied.
Schinz, 1844
Callithrix melanochir
Synonyms: Callithrix melanochir (Kuhl, 1820; Wied, 1826); Callithrix incanescens (Lichtenstein); Callithrix gigot (Spix, 1823); Callithrix nigrifrons (Spix, 1823); Callithrix cinerascens (Spix, 1823).
Distribution: Alcobaca, Belmonte, Riopardo, Ilheo, Itahype rivers and in Sertam de Bahia.
Description: The pelage is long and the hairs very slack. The forehead is like it has been shaved, covered with dense hairs of the same length. The face is blackish or dark grey. The hairs of the head have an ashy-grey base, a whitish tip and the forehead has a black band. The belly is dark blackish-grey-brown, but on the whole body annulated black and white and therefore ashy-grey. On the upper back are the tips of the hairs yellow-reddish, on the middle and lower back and the sides of the body reddish-chestnut-brown. The four hands are black; the tail is in some almost completely white, in others ashy-grey.
Measurements: head and body 350mm; tail 550mm.
Wagner, 1848
Callithrix cinerascens
Synonym: Callithrix cinerascens (Spix, 1823).
Distribution:Putumayo or Iça, near the Peruvian border.
Remark: we only know this species, which’s validity I no longer doubt, only from one specimen that Spix collected.
Wagner, 1855
Callithrix cinerascens
Synonyms: Callithrix cinerascens (Spix, 1823; Wagner, 1840, 1848) ; Callithrix donacophilus (D’Orbigny, 1836; Wagner 1840; I. Geoffroy, 1851).
Remarks: I was wrong in earlier publications to regard C. cinerascens as a Gigo.
The C. cinerascens has the size of C. cuprea, from which it differs in having the upper and underside the same colour. All hairs are black and white, but on the back black and pale reddish-yellow (drab) annulated. The head has no black frontal band, the four hands are, like the rest of the limbs, uniformly covered with black and white annulated hairs. The hairs of the tail have a dirty pale-yellowish base, the longer tips are black, giving the tail a black colour.
Reichenbach, 1862
Callithrix cinerascens
Distribution: Brazil, on the border with Peru. In the forests near the Putomayo or Iça.
Description: Face small, Back and back of head mixed brown and black; Forehead, legs and under sides black-ashy-grey. Tail blackish. Hairs of back of head and back 37,5mm, ashy-black, towards the tip black and rusty; shorter on the head, ashy-grey, directed backwards. Hairs of the underside whitish on root and tip, in the middle with a black ring; on the hands and feet shorter, ashy-grey-blackish. The hairs of the tail pale brown at the base, whitish in the middle and with a black tip.
Measurements: Head and body: 482mm; tail 450mm.
Remark: Wagner and Lesson regard this species as the young of C. melanochir.
Forbes, 1896
Callithrix cinerascens
Synonyms: Callithrix cinerascens (Spix, 1823); Callithrix donacophilus (D’Orbigny, 1826; Gray, 1870); Callithrix donacophila (I. Geoffroy, 1851; Schlegel, 1876).
Distribution: Mr. Bates observed this species at Serra dos Parentins, in the Lower Amazon region above the confluence of the Tapajos with the Amazon. It also extends to Bolivia and Peru.
Description: Fur long and similar in character to that of C. torquata; chest and under side of body pale grey or dark reddish-grey; hands and feet grey; back of the same colour; tail mottled grey, the hairs being grey, with black tips.
In some species the fur varies from dark grey washed with rufous, to almost white, the red wash, where it occurs, sometimes deepening, or almost vanishing.
Trouessart, 1898-1899
Callithrix cinerascens
Synonyms: cinerascens (Spix, 1823); donacophilus (d’Orbigny, 1826 ; Schlegel, 1876).
Distribution: Lower Amazonia, Sierra dos Parentins, east of Rio Tapajos; Peru; Bolivia.
Trouessart, 1904-1905
Callicebus cinerascens
Distribution: Lower Amazonia; Peru; Bolivia.
Elliot, 1913
Callicebus cinerascens
Synonym: Callithrix cinerascens (Spix, 1823; Reichenbach, 1862; Forbes, 1894).
Type locality: Forest of the Potomaio and Iça rivers, on the border of Peru (MunichMuseum).
Description: Hairs on forehead yellowish white at base, then black, and tips greyish white; back of neck yellowish; upper parts of body rufous, becoming blackish on rump; cheeks and chin white with a greyish sub terminal black ring; limbs brown, hairs tipped with greyish white, and with a sub terminal black ring; under parts of body greyish white; hands and feet similar to limbs, but darker almost black, the hairs tipped with grey; tail brownish black, tip reddish, the hairs,
except those of the tip, being yellowish white at base, remainder black.
Measurements: Total length, 865mm; tail, 465mm; foot, 90mm.
Remarks: The above description was taken from the specimen labelled as Spix's type in the MunichMuseum. As will be noticed it bears no resemblance whatever to the figure on plate XIV of Spix's work, and is generally quite different from his description, at the same time it is not like any of the described species of the genus. In general appearance it is a reddish brown animal with nearly all the hairs tipped with greyish white, and most of them with a sub terminal black ring. The tail appears black with a red tip. I have never seen a grey or ashy Callicebus like Spix's figure, and doubt if one exists in any collection. If the present example in the MunichMuseum is really the type of C. cinerascens the general idea of its appearance will have to be changed from Spix's figure of an ashy grey animal, to a reddish brown one speckled with greyish white. If Spix's draughtsman intended to represent the present type by the figure on plate XIV, he made a grievous failure. The type specimen is unique.
Rode, 1938
Callithrix donacophilus
Synonym: Callithrix cinerascens (Spix, 1823)
Cruz Lima, 1945
Callicebus cinerascens
Synonym: Callithrix cinerascens (Spix, 1823).
Distribution: Spix found his species in the forests of the Iça or PutumayoRiver on the Peruvian boundary with the state of Amazonas. Miranda Ribeiro provisionally considers as belonging to this species a specimen captured on the Otoho stream, in the headwaters of the Gy-parana, at 12 degrees of south latitude. According to the description of the external appearance of this animal is very similar to C. melanochir, from which it differs in that its hands and feet are greyish like the general colouring and the back rufescent near the nape and not near the sacral region, the tail being the colour of the feet and turning only slightly paler towards the tip. As may easily be seen, this description differs in small details from Elliot’s description of Spix’s type.
Description: Hairs on forehead yellowish white at base, then black, and tips greyish white; back of neck yellowish; upper parts of body rufous, becoming blackish on rump; cheeks and chin white with a greyish sub terminal black ring; limbs brown, hairs tipped with greyish white, and with a sub terminal black ring; under parts of body greyish white; hands and feet similar to limbs, but darker almost black, the hairs tipped with grey; tail brownish black, tip reddish, the hairs, except those of the tip, being yellowish white at base, remainder black (Elliot’s description of the type in the Munich Museum).
Measurements: Total length, 865mm; tail, 465mm; foot, 90mm.
Remarks: Type in the Munich Museum.
The description given above differs in some points from that given by Spix and differs completely from the illustration of the same publication. This was observed by Elliot, who believes the specimen is different not only from the description and from the illustration, but also from any other described species of the genus. Forbes’ description also differs in various points, but this may be explained by the fact that the author considers as synonymous the species donacophilus of d’Orbigny, incorporating for this reason into his description characteristics of both species. The inclusion of the lower Amazon in the area of geographical distribution attributed to this species by Forbes, who cites Bates’ findings in the ParintinsMountains, is due certainly to confusion with the species hoffmannsi and moloch, which are allied to d’Orbigny species in a certain way.
Cabrera, 1958
Callicebus cinerascens
Synonyms: Callithrix cinerascens (Spix, 1823); Callithrix melanochir (Fischer, 1829); Callithrix gigo variation. (Gray, 1870); Callicebus cinerascens (Elliot, 1913).
Distribution: West Brazil, the river-basin of the Solimoes, y probably the adjacent part of Colombia and Peru.
Hill, 1960
Callicebus cinerascens
Type locality: Forest along Rio Iça (=Brazilian part of Rio Putumayo), a left bank tributary of Amazon on boundary between Brazil and Peru. Type in MünichMuseum.
Distribution: Forests along Rio Iça and Rio Putumayo on both sides of Peruvian-Brazilian border. Miranda Ribeiro provisionally assigned to this species a specimen captured on the Otoho, a stream of the headwaters of the Gy-Parana, 12º S., but Lima noted the likeness of the description to that of C. melanochir, differing in the greyish colour of the extremities, which are thus not contrasted with the general body colour as they are in melanochir.
Characters: A rare titi affined to moloch or intermediate between moloch and cupreus. Thomas (1908) noted its likeness as regards colour of extremities to hoffmannsi –a race of moloch- while Lima points out that Forbes had confused it with moloch on the evidence of Bates’s report of finding it in the ParintinsMountains. Forbes, moreover, included it with donacophilus, one of the southern species, whilst Rode (1938) definitely identified it with d’Orbigny without giving any reason.
There has been much confusion also, as pointed out by Elliot and Lima, on account of the discrepancy between Spix’s plate and the accompanying description, especially in view of the fact that the type specimen (examined by Elliot) differs from both. The description here given is based, like that contributed by Lima, on Elliot’s report upon the type.
Forehead with hairs annulated yellowish-white, black and greyish-white from below upwards; nape yellowish; dorsal surface of body rufous, becoming blackish on rump; tail brownish-black, the tip rufous, the hairs (except at tip) yellowish-white basally and remainder black, cheeks and chin white, hairs with greyish subterminal band; under parts greyish-white; limbs brown, the hairs with greyish-white tips; hands and feet similar but darker, almost black, the hairs tipped with grey.
Measurements: head and body 400mm; tail 465mm; foot 90mm.
Skull: unknown
Kraft, 1983
Callicebus cinerascens
Synonym: Callithrix cinerascens
Remark: Type specimen present in Munich collection.
Hershkovitz, 1988
Callicebus cinerascens
Remarks: Callicebus cinerascens is essentially a relict species of the stock from which arose all other species of the moloch group. Colouration of the ten specimens from four localities in the middle Rio Madeira basin indicate that the prototype of C. cinerascens must have been greyish or buffy agouti in all parts except dorsum orange or reddish agouti to buffy agouti, facial skin unmodified blackish and hairy. A few specimens of living cinerascens diverge from the prototype only in their trend towards pheomelinazation of sideburns, throat and digits.
Hershkovitz,1990
Callicebus cinerascens
Synonyms: ?Simia cineracia (Griffith, 1821); Callithrix cinerascens (Spix, 1823).
Type Locality: Said to be the forests of the Rios Putumayo or Iça at the Peruvian border, Amazonas, Brazil. Spix was in the area during January 1820, but there is no evidence that he or anyone else ever collected the species there. Holotype in Zoologische Staatssammlung, Munchen.
Distribution: Brazilian specimens from parts of south-eastern Amazonas, Rondonia, and Mato Grosso in the upper Rio Madeira basin agree with cinerascens and nothing else. The only Callicebus known from the stated type region between the Rios Putumayo or lea and the Rio Solimoes, are C. cupreus discolor and C. torquatus lucifer. It is unlikely that Callicebus cinerascens would occur here on the north bank of the Rio Solimoes, and also in the Rio Madeira basin on the south bank of the Rio Amazonas. Either the type locality given by Spix is wrong, or the south bank titis are not C. cinerascens.
Description: Forehead, crown, sides of body, chest, belly, limbs, and tail greyish to blackish agouti, all contrasting with tawny agouti middorsum; largest species of moloch group.
Measurements: See publication.
Comparisons: Distinguished from all other species of Callicebus by greyish agouti forehead, crown, sides of body, chest, belly, and limbs except sometimes digits; sideburns and throat usually greyish agouti but sometimes yellowish approaching condition in C. hoffmannsi hoffmannsi; the contrastingly coloured reddish brown agouti dorsum is as in C. moloch, from which it is readily distinguished by greyish agouti chest, belly, inner surface of limbs, and inconspicuously coloured sideburns. Nearest resemblance in size and coloration is with the dominantly blackish agouti C. personatus melanochir, but the greyish agouti limbs, forehead, and pelage surrounding face and ears of C. cinerascens are distinctive.
Specimens Examined: Total 10.
Brazil - Amazonas: Prainha; Mato Grosso: Sao Joao, Aripuana; Rondonia: Otoho, Rio Jiparana.
Kobayashi, 1995
Based on cranial measurements, the genus can be divided in two major clusters, which can be further divided into several clusters:
Cluster 1: with the donacophilus cluster (including modestus, olallae, d. donacophilus and d. pallescens), the cupreus cluster (including caligatus, c. cupreus, c. discolor and c. ornatus) and the moloch cluster (including brunneus, h. hoffmannsi, h. baptista, moloch and cinerascens).
Cluster 2: with the personatus cluster (including p. personatus, p. nigrifrons, p. melanochir, dubius and t. purinus) and the torquatus cluster (including t. lucifer, t. lugens, t. medemi, t. regulus and t. torquatus).
The phylogenetic position of C. modestus is morphometrically debatable, since it was clustered with the donacophilus group by the analysis of the Q-mode correlation coefficients, but its plots on the principal component analysis was isolated away from those of any other forms. Although Hershkovitz (1988, 1990) pointed out the elongated skull's unusual appearance and regarded it as the most primitive species in the genus, considerable doubt exist that it might be an anomalous mutant, since only one adult specimen is known. If the curious character of its cranial morphology is in fact stable, C. modestus might be assignable an independent group as indicated by HERSHKOVITZ (1988, 1990). In order to clarify its true status, sufficient numbers of samples need to be collected.
Ferrari et al., 2000
Callicebus cinerascens
Localities: see map.
Distribution: The apparently restricted distribution of the ashy titi monkey (C. cinerascens) in southern Amazonas and Rondonia (Hershkovitz, 1990) may be at least partly a result of the relative lack of localities from this region. As the known distribution of this species coincides with the zone of transition from forest to savannah habitats in southern Amazonia, it is possible that it may also be ecologically distinct from other members of the C. moloch species group, although more data will be required before such differences can be defined.
Groves, 2001
Callicebus cinerascens
Synonyms: Callithrix cinerascens (Spix, 1823).
Distribution: South-eastern Amazonas, Rondonia, and Mato Grosso, upper Rio Madeira.
Description: (after Hershkovitz, 1990). Body mainly greyish to blackish agouti, except middorsal region, which is contrastingly tawny agouti. Sideburns and throat greyish or yellowish agouti.
Remarks: Hershkovitz (1990) doubted the correctness of the type locality, because otherwise only C. cupreus and C. torquatus are known from there. He noted that the frequently yellowish colour of the sideburns and throat approaches that of C. hoffmannsi and the contrasting dorsum resembles C. moloch; only the grey-agouti under parts are really distinctive.
Roosmalen et al., 2002
Callicebus cinerascens
Type locality: Spix is assumed to have collected this specimen along the Río Putumayo or Rio Içá near the Peruvian border, State of Amazonas, Brazil, but there is no evidence that it was actually collected there. Specimens from the Rio Madeira basin south of the Rio Amazonas perfectly match the description on account of the holotype. Therefore, the type locality given by Spix must be wrong. The holotype is a male, collected by J. von Spix but not given a date (he was in the area during January, 1820), mounted (including the skull), No. 3, Zoologische Staatssammlung, München, Germany.
Distribution:Hershkovitz (1990) includes three localities in his gazetteer: Prainha, right bank of Rio Aripuanã, Amazonas, Brazil (162a); São João, right bank of Rio Roosevelt (Hershkovitz gives here Rio Aripuanã, but his map indicates the Rio Roosevelt, a left bank tributary of Rio Aripuanã), Mato Grosso (205); and Otoho, right bank of upper Rio Roosevelt (Hershkovitz gives here Rio Ji-Paraná, but his map indicates Rio Roosevelt, Rondônia).
This species has been observed in the wild by M.G.M. van Roosmalen at the following localities along the right bank of Rio Aripuanã: Cipotuba, situated on the east bank of Lago Cipotuba (05°48’23”S, 60°12’76”W), Prainha, Igarapé da Prainha (05°45’S, 60°12’W), São João, Igarapé
Terra Preta (05°28’S, 60°22’W), and along the right bank of the Rio Madeira in the vicinity of the town of Novo Aripuanã (05°07’08”S, 60°22’45”W), left bank of lower Rio Arara (40 km E of Novo Aripuanã, 05°12’S, 60°04’W), and in the vicinity of the town of Borba (04°22’S, 59°35’W).
Rylands (1982) observed C. cinerascens on the east bank of the Rio Aripuanã at the Núcleo Pioneiro de Humboldt, Aripuanã, (then of INPA) (10°10’S, 59°27’W). M. G. M. van Roosmalen kept a live specimen from the left bank of the Rio Canumã.
The species is parapatric with C. hoffmannsi along the east bank of the Rio Canumã in the interfluve delineated by the lower Rio Madeira and Rio Canumã, with C. baptista along the north bank of the Paraná do Urariá, at the northern tip of its range, with C. bernhardi along the west bank of the lower Rio Aripuanã in the interfluve delineated by the Rios Aripuanã and Roosevelt (its left bank tributary) and Rio Sucundurí, most likely including the interfluve between the Rios Acarí and Sucundurí, with C. hoffmannsi or a new, still to be described species of titi along the east bank of the Rio Sucundurí (east as far as the Rio Juruena).
Description: Forehead, crown, sides of body, chest, belly, limbs, and tail greyish to blackish agouti, all contrasting with tawny or reddish brown agouti middorsum; upper surface of cheiridia blackish mixed with grey (hair tips greyish); tail predominantly blackish, mixed with grey, proximal one third mixed with tawny agouti like the outer surface of legs; arms blackish, the hairs greyish tipped as in crown; hairs of dorsum and sides of body with 4 bands, a 2 cm wide blackish tawny proximal one, a 1 cm wide tawny band, a 1 cm wide black band, and a 0.3 cm wide, tawny agouti distal tip. Distinguished from all other titi species by greyish agouti forehead, crown, sides of body, chest, belly, and limbs; sideburns and throat usually greyish to greyish agouti.
Almeida Noronha, et al., 2007
Callicebus cinerascens
Distribution: During both trips we observed C. cinerascens repeatedly along the banks of the Rios Sucundurí and Abacaxis, close to the left bank of the Rio Tapajós and the right bank of the Rio Bararatí (see map with 24 localities). These new occurrence records extend the eastern limit of C. cinerascens’ range beyond that proposed by van Roosmalen and colleagues (2002). We now predict that this species’ range should extend north to the Rio Paraná do Urariá, east to the left bank of the Rio Abacaxis and the left bank of the upper Rio Tapajós, west as far as the right bank of the Rio Madeira, and south to the corridor formed between the Rios Aripuanã-Roosevelt and Tapajós-Juruena, in the states of Amazonas and Mato Grosso. The most southerly record is Otoho on the right bank of the Rio Roosevelt in Mato Grosso (see map).
Remarks: During this study we found no overlap between the range of C. cinerascens range and that of any other species of Callicebus, suggesting that this species is parapatric with its sister taxa, C. hoffmannsi, C. baptista and C. bernhardi. While interviewing a resident of a community on the left bank of the Rio Tapajós (06°34'S, 58°28'W), near the Rio Palmares in the municipality of Maués, Amazonas State, we discovered that a grey titi monkey with light spots on its throat occurs in the area. It is possible that this is C. hoffmannsi (van Roosmalen et al., 2002) and that the Rio Palmares represents the eastern limit for C. cinerascens and serves as a point of contact between the two species.
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