Wagner, 1842
Callithrix brunea
Description: saturated brown, black line on front, black hands; pelage short and adpressed.
Measurements: head and body 312mm; tail 437mm.
Lesson, 1848
Callithrix brunnea
Distribution:Brazil.
Description: pelage dark brown, with a black frontal band and hands,
Wagner, 1848
Callithrix brunnea
Synonym: Callithrix brunnea (Wagner, 1842).
Locality: on the RioMadeira.
Description: resembles C. caligata in size, stature and black band on forehead; it differs by the chestnut-brown colour, the complete black hands and the dark tail. Resembles C. nigrifrons , but the C. brunnea differs by its colouration, the small size and the short pelage with slack and not bushy hairs.
The dominant colour is a shiny rusty chestnut-brown with light brownish tips. This colour becomes towards the head very light yellow-brownish, while it becomes darker on the sides of the body and the limbs; the hands are completely black.
The hairs are at the first half dark rusty-brown, then black with light yellow-brownish rings. On the neck and back of the head the terminal part of the hairs is uniform light brownish-yellow, showing only this colour, which is sharply demarcated from the rest of the head. The head is on the anterior half covered with shiny, coal-black hairs, which are at the back mixed with rusty-red, while the hairs here have short foxy-red tips. The dark colouration of the forehead is separated sharply from the light colouration of the back of the head over the middle of the skull. The sides of the face are also black. The ear is covered is rather long black hairs. The underside of the body is covered sparsely with black-brown, vaguely ringed hairs. The tail is uniform dark-brown, with very faded annulation, but becomes lighter on the tip. Face, ears and naked parts of hands and scrotum are black, only on the lips covered with some whitish hairs.
Wagner, 1855
Callithrix brunnea
Synonym: Callithrix brunnea (Wagner, 1842, 1848).
Remarks: A species discovered by Natterer, that is related to C. caligata, with which is agrees in size, stature and the black band on the forehead. However, it differs in the rusty chestnut-brown colour, the completely black hands and the dark tail. Some resemblance to C. nigrifrons could be found, but C. brunnea differs in colour, by the smaller size and the shorter hairs of the pelage. The colour is somewhat rusty chestnut-brown with light brownish tips. This colour becomes towards the head very pale yellow-brownish, while it becomes on the sides of the body and on the limbs darker; the 4 hands are completely black. The hairs are at the base dark rusty-brown, then black with yellow-brownish rings. On the neck and back of the head is the terminal half of the hairs light brownish-yellow, making this part of the body this colour, sharply marked from the dark forehead. The forehead is covered with dark coal black hairs, at the back mixed with rusty-red, while the hairs here have foxy red tips. The dark colouration of the forehead is sharply separated on the middle of the head from the lighter colouration of the back of the head. The sides of the head are covered towards the forehead with shiny black hairs. The inner side of the ears are covered with long black hairs. The under side of the body is sparely covered with black-brown hairs that are vaguely annulated. The tail is uniform dark-brown, with very vague rings, but becomes towards the tip lighter. Face, ears, soles and scrotum are black. Some white hairs on lips.
Measurements: head and body 313mm; tail 438mm.
Reichenbach, 1862
Callithrix brunnea
Distribution: Brazil.
Description: Dark brown. Face black-grey, forehead black. Upper head and upper back because of the white tips of the hairs with a strong white-grey hue. Only the tip of the tail is whitish, hands black.
Measurements: head and body 375mm; tail 375mm.
Von Pelzen, 1883
Callithrix brunnea
Synonym: Callithrix brunnea (Wagner, 1842, 1848, 1855; Reichenbach, 1862; Schlegel, 1876).
Distribution: Rio Marmoré, Cachoeira da Bananeira.
Description: Were heard at the end of the day near a ranch, the call was almost like the Saa (= Callithrix nigrifrons) from Capitania of Sao Paulo, gargling; I shot four; one of them kept hanging high in a tree. Iris hazel brown. Naked skin of face and hands black. Scrotum and penis black. The tail straight and stiff. Clitoris very small, as well as the labia, all blackish.
Measurements: Male: Total length: 87,6cm; tail 49,3cm; length of hairs on tip of tail 6,1cm.
Female: Total length: 82,6cm; tail 45,7cm; length of hairs on tip of tail 3,6cm.
Meerwarth, 1897
Callithrix brunnea
Distribution: Rio Mamore.
Description: Under and upper side the same colour, never coppery; hands and feet black, tail covered with hairs of the same length.
Colour predominantly brown, more or less pale, becoming reddish on the tail. Hands, front, face and throat also black.
Body predominantly chestnut, under side brown-black. Tail black, occiput brown-yellow.
Trouessart, 1898-1899
Callithrix personata
Synonyms: personata (Geoffroy, 1812; Spix, 1823; Wied, 1826; Gray, 1970); melanops (Vigors, ?); p. fossilis (Winge, 1895); p. grandis (Jacchus) (Lund, 1842; Winge, 1895); chlorocnemis (Lund, 1842; Winge, 1895); antiqua (Lund, 1842).
Distribution: Upper Amazonia, from Rio Sao Matthaeus and Rio Doce till the region of Rio Janeiro.
a) – brunnea (Wagner, 1842, 1855; Pelzeln, 1883; Reichenbach, 1896).
Distribution: Rio Mamoré, Cascada de Baneira.
Trouessart, 1904-1905
Callicebus personata
Synonyms: personata (Geoffroy, 1812); fossilis (Winge, 1895); grandis (Lund, 1842; Winge, 1895); chlorocnemis (Lund, 1842); antiqua (Lund, 1842).
Distribution: Brazil, from Upper Amazonia Rio Janeiro.
a)– brunnea
Distribution: Rio Mamoré.
Elliot, 1913
Callicebus brunneus
Synonym: Callithrix brunneus (Wagner, 1842, 1855; Reichenbach, 1862; Schlegel, 1876; von Pelzen, 1883).
Type locality: Falls of the Bananeira, Rio Mamore, Brazil (Type in Vienna Museum).
Description: Face black; forehead black; hairs tipped with red; these red tips are absent on the centre of the forehead in front, which is jet black, but behind this and on the sides the red tips dominate, and the colour is dark red, the black not showing; whiskers dark red, hairs tipped with
black, just the opposite to the colouring of the forehead; top and back of head, back and sides of neck, and entire upper parts pale yellowish brown, the hairs being rufous and tipped with yellowish brown, which becomes the dominant colour of the upper parts; throat, breast, under parts, flanks and limbs on inner and outer sides reddish chestnut, some hairs on inner side of arms tipped with black; hands and feet black; tail reddish chestnut, hairs with black tips, tip of tail yellowish brown tufts on ears black.
Measurements: Total length, 815mm; tail, 440mm; foot, 90mm.
Remarks: Three specimens are in the Vienna Museum, a male and two females obtained by Natterer. It is a strongly marked species not to be confounded with any other. Unfortunately there is no skull. The general appearance is that of a reddish animal with a yellowish brown back and black forehead. There is no difference in colour between the sexes.
Cruz Lima, 1945
Callicebus brunneus
Synonym: Callithrix brunnea (Wagner, 1842).
Distribution: Information as to the range of this species is restricted to the locality from which the type came.
Description: Face black; forehead black; hairs tipped with red; these red tips are absent on the centre of the forehead in front, which is jet black, but behind this and on the sides the red tips dominate, and the colour is dark red, the black not showing; whiskers dark red, hairs tipped with black; just the opposite to the colouring of the forehead; top and back of head, back and sides of neck, and entire upper parts pale yellowish brown, the hairs being rufous and tipped with yellowish brown, which becomes the dominant colour of the upper parts; throat, breast, under parts, flanks and limbs on inner side of arms tipped with black; hands and feet black; tail reddish chestnut, hairs with black tips, tip of tail yellowish brown; tufts on ears black (= Elliot’s description of the type in the Vienna Museum). Sexes similar.
Measurements: (of the type) total length 815mm; tail 440mm; foot 90mm.
Remarks: Type in the Vienna Museum, obtained together with two females by Natterer.
Elliot says that this species is distinctly characterized and need not to be confused with any other. The simple comparison of the above description given by him of the type in the Vienna Museum with the specimens of C. caligatus belonging to the Museu Goeldi shows, on the contrary, that the two species are very closely related, the only noticeable difference between the two forms being restricted to the colour of the tail (in C. brunneus Elliot says the tail is reddish chestnut, a colour which absolutely is not found on the tail of C. caligatus), for even the red tips of the hairs on the forehead and the black tips of the hairs on the arm are also found, although on a small scale, in the last-mentioned species. It is true that Meerwarth in his key, following Schlegel, gives the colour of the tail of C. brunneus as black and of the under parts as black brown, which would eliminate the principal distinguishing feature between the two forms, although he gives them as separate forms in the key. But one must note that there is evident confusion with the southern species C. personnatus, which also has a chestnut tail and blackish-brown belly. Forbes adds to this confusion by identifying C. brunneus with C. personnatus, but the latter is distinguishable from the two other forms by the black throat and sides of the head, which are not found in C. caligatus nor in C. brunneus, and by its sexual dimorphism. A priori one might consider C. caligatus and C. brunneus at least as subspecies or local varieties, which perhaps is the case, taking in also the southern form, but it is still unknown. Trouessart subscribes to this view and considers C. brunneus a subspecies of C. personatus.
Vieira, 1955
Callicebus brunneus
Synonyms: Callithrix brunnea (Wagner, 1842).
Distribution: Region of the upper Rio Madeira (Porto Velho).
Cabrera, 1958
Callicebus brunneus
Synonyms: Callithrix brunnea (Wagner, 1842); Callithrix personatus (Gray, 1870); Callicebus brunneus (Elliot, 1913); Callicebus ollalae (Lönnberg, 1939).
Distribution: Extreme northwest of Mato Grosso State and the adjacent part of Bolivia.
Remarks: The description of C. olallae contains nothing that permits to distinguish if from C. brunneus, and its locality is that close to these that one could think of a subspecific difference.
Hill, 1960
Callicebus cupreus brunneus
Type locality: Bananeiras Falls, Rio Mamore, near its confluence with the Rio Beni, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Type in Vienna Museum.
Distribution: Upper Rio Madeira; known from the type locality and from Porto Velho (Upper Rio Madeira).
Description: Very closely allied to caligatus (fide Lima, though stated by Elliot to be very distinct).
Chiefly distinguished from caligatus by colour of tail, which is reddish-chestnut, and by the somewhat browner under parts.
Forehead black, the hairs tipped with red, except on the median part of the forehead; posteriorly an at sides red tips predominant, the general effect being dark red, the black being hidden; ears with black hairs; sides of head dark red, hairs black tipped; crown, occiput, dorsal surface of body pale yellowish-brown, each hair with rufous base and yellowish-brown tip; throat, breast, under parts, flanks and both lateral and medial sides of limbs reddish-chestnut, with the hairs black tipped, apex of tail yellowish-brown.
Measurements: head and body 375mm; tail 440mm; foot 90mm.
Hershkovitz, 1963
Callicebus moloch brunneus
Synonyms: Callithrix brunnea (Wagner, 1842); Callithrix brunnea (Wagner, 1848); Callithrix castaneoventris (Gray, 1866), Callicebus toppini (Thomas, 1914); Callicebus olallae (Lönnberg, 1939); Callicebus modestus (Lönnberg, 1939); Callicebus cupreus acreanus (Vieira, 1952); Callithrix cuprea (Goeldi and Hagman, 1904); Callicebus caligatus (Osgood – not Wagner -, 1916).
Type locality: Brazil, subsequently specified as Cachoeira da Bananeira, Rio Mamoré, upper Rio Madeira, State of Guaporé. The distributional pattern of the race, however, indicates that the type almost certainly originated on the Bolivian side of the river (Rio Mamoré) in the department of Beni. Four cotypes in Vienna Museum.
Distribution: The upper Rio Madeira and Rio Purus basins in Acre and Guaporé (Lower Rio Guaporé), Brazil, the departments of Madre de Dios, Puno and Cusco, Peru, thence east to the Rio Beni in the department of Beni, Bolivia. Altitudinal range from approximately 100 to 650 meters above sea level.
Description: (key to species:) general body colour grey, reddish or brown; under parts like back or sharply defined reddish orange or buff; hind feet black, brown, red or grey, tail grey or blackish with tip grey or grey mixed with black; throat like chest; forearms grey, red, dark brown sometimes blackish above; upper surface of hands grey to blackish never sharply contrasted with colour of upper side of wrists.
Forehead grey sometimes edged with black or dominantly black to blackish brown and always well defined from posterior half of crown and nape, outer side of forearms grizzled or more or less uniformly reddish to dark brown. Forehead blackish; under parts of body reddish brown or blackish brown and not always well defined from sides; forearms chestnut, reddish brown or blackish; tail grey, dark brown or blackish. Under parts brownish or reddish brown never well defined from sides; forearms dark brown to blackish; tail dominantly black or dark brownish at least on basal two thirds.
Measurements: see table in publication.
Remarks: the original description of castaneoventris, toppini, olallae, modestus and acreanus, all from the same general area, are based on vague comparisons with cupreus only. No mention was made of other related forms although Lönnberg did attempt to distinguish his modestus from his olallae described in the same paper. It is not surprising therefore, that all should prove equally distinct from cupreus and equal to each other, or brunneus, the oldest available name.
The described characters of Callithrix castaneoventris agree with those of brunneus down to the white tip of its tail. Thomas affirmed the distinction of castaneoventris from caligatus, but authors have usually identified the first with the second or its senior synonym, cupreus. Cabrera (1958) sank acreanus in the synonymy of toppini, where it undoubtly belongs except that brunneus is the prior name for the titis of this region. Callicebus olallae from the Rio Beni, Bolivia, was also disposed of by Cabrera, this time in synonymy of brunneus which he regarded as a distinct species. Judged by the description, the type and only known specimen of olallae has all the important diagnostic characters of Callicebus moloch brunneus and others which suggest intergadation with C. m. donacophilus. The name olallae, proposed in honour of its collector, was misspelled ollallae by Cabrera (1958) and ollalae by Hill (1960).
The original characterization of the subadult and adult cotypes of Callicebus modestus from higher up the Rio Beni, points to complete intergradation between brunneus and donacophilus. Geographically, modestus could be assigned to either race. The hands and feet of both specimens are black as in brunneus. The tail is described as “speckled blackish and greyish white”, but with the black “dominating in the middle for about two thirds” in the adult. If this means that the tail is dominantly blackish for two thirds its length, then the older cotype of modestus is more like brunneus, in this respect. On the other hand, the ears of modestus (and the type of olallae) are said to be tufted with white, a feature which is more conspicuously developed in donacophilus than in any other race. Cabrera (1958) treats modestus as a synonym of modestus. The original description of modestus, however, suggests a darker animal than any now identified with donacophilus.
Specimens examined:
Brazil – Guaporé: Porto Velho.
Peru – Cusco: Huaijumbe, Marcapata; Madre de Dios: Itahuania; Puno: Condamo.
Freese, et al., 1982
Callicebus moloch (probably different species - Callicebus.nl)
Locations: Orosa; von Humboldt, Panguana, Cobija, Ixiamas, Upper Nanay and Cocha Cashu.
Freese, et al., 1982
Callicebus moloch (=? – Callicebus.nl)
Remarks: “Callicebus moloch presents a special problem. Although our investigations strongly indicated that C. moloch does not occur in the El Triunfo or San Jose study areas (Bolivia), and we received no reports of such a monkey in either region, C. moloch has been reported from both regions (Krieg, 1930; cited by Hershkovitz, 1963) and from further south in the Paraguayan chaco (Hershkovitz, 1963; Gary Krause and Jody Powell, personal communication). Perhaps its apparent absence in these areas represents only local gaps in its distribution in central and southern Bolivia; such gaps or periodic local extinctions of C. moloch populations might be expected near the edge of its range in this harsh habitat.”
Minezawa et al., 1989
Callicebus moloch brunneus
Locality: south bank of Rio Manuripi, within a radius of 4 km from Montecarlo, Pando, Bolivia (see map).
The chromosome number of all the specimens studied was 48. Their autosomes consisted of 5 pairs of subtelocentric, 5 pairs of submetacentric or metacentric, and 13 pairs of acrocentric chromosomes. The X-chromosome and the Y-chromosome of this karyotype were submetacentric and metacentric, respectively.
When considered against the examples described above, the cytogenetic differences among the three subspecies of C. moloch are clearly large enough to split them into, at least, three species.
Castro et al., 1990
Callicebus brunneus
Distribution: Between the Acre and Tahuamanu Rivers, Peru.
Hershkovitz, 1990
Callicebus brunneus
Synonyms: Callithrix brunea (Wagner, 1842); Callithrix brunnea (Wagner, 1848).
Type Locality: Brazil, subsequently specified by Pelzeln (1883) as Cachoeira da Bananeira, Rio Guapore, upper Rio Madeira, Rondonia. Lectotype in Naturhistorische Museum, Wien.
Distribution: Middle and upper Rio Madeira basin in Rondonia and Acre, Brazil, the departments of Madre de Dios, Puno, and Cusco in Peru; west into the upper Rio Purus basin in Amazonas, Brazil, and Ucayali, Peru; altitudinal range about 100-650 m above sea level. The actual provenance of the AMNH specimens of Callicebus brunneus labelled "Rio Inuya" and "Rio Urubamba", upper Rio Ucayali valley, Ucayali, Peru, by "collectors" Olalla Hijos, is questionable.
Description: Duskiest species of moloch group; forehead, forearms, legs, cheiridia, and two-thirds to entire tail blackish but with pencilled tip often contrastingly pale; sideburns reddish brown or blackish, not sharply defined from forehead and crown; upper parts and sides of body brownish agouti, under parts brownish or reddish brown, not sharply defined from sides of body. Cranial characters like those of the moloch group.
Measurements: See publication.
Comparisons: Distinguished from Callicebus modestus and C. olallae by generally blackish or dark brown forehead and outer surface of limbs, chest, and belly, ears not tufted whitish; from caligatus by blackish or reddish brown sideburns, under parts not sharply defined from crown and sides of body, tail entirely or dominantly blackish except often tip; from C. cupreus by blackish of forehead usually extending to crown, brownish or blackish not reddish or whitish cheiridia, tail mostly to entirely blackish; from all other species of Callicebus by one or more of above characters.
Specimens Examined: Total 36.
Brazil - Acre: Sena Madureira; Rondonia: Cachoeira da Bananeira; Cachoeira Nazare; Finca Rio Candeia; Porto Velho; Rio Jamari; Santa Barbara, Jamari.
Peru - Cuzco: Huajllumbe; Puno: Candamo; Madre de Dios: Altamira; Itahuania; nr. Santa Rosa; Ucuyali: Balta; Rio Curanja; ?Ucayali: "Boca Rio Urubamba"; "Rio Inuya,".
Cameron and Buchanan-Smith, 1991
Callicebus brunneus
Locality:Pando, Bolivia
Schneider, et al., 1993
Callicebus brunneus
Locality: captured during the building of the Samuel Dam in the Rio Jamari, near the Samuel village, state of Rondonia, Brazil.
Remarks: Estimates of genetic similarity between the taxa showed that C. moloch is the most differentiated, since it presented genetic distances of 0.059 and 0.066 when compared to C. brunneus and C. cupreus, respectively; the most distinctive loci are GPI and CA2. On the other hand, the genetic distance between C. brunneus and C. cupreus showed a value of 0.008 only. This estimate is quite similar to those observed among other New World monkeys at the subspecies level. In fact, assuming Thorpe's (1982) criteria, that genetic distances lower than 15% would be typical of those separating subspecies, we would have to consider the three taxa investigated here as belonging to a single species. As shown in the table, cytogenetic studies in the genus Callicebus are scarce. The karyotypes of eight of the 13 species in this genus are still unknown. However, the three species considered in the present study have already been karyotyped. Consideration of the biochemical and cytogenetic data together, therefore, establishes that:
a) the comparison which showed the largest chromosome difference (brunneuslcupreus) is the one presenting the least differentiation at the biochemical level; and
b) the cytogenetic diversity is compatible with divergence at the species level, unlike the biochemical data.
Aquino and Encarnacion, 1994
Callicebus brunneus
Distribution: According to Hershkovitz (1988), this species is distributed in south-eastern Peru, from the Rio Alto Purus in the Department of Ucayali south to the Bolivian border. It is represented in the Manu National Park.
Description: No detailed description can be given since we have no museum specimens available. During field observations we noted that forehead, forearms, feet and tail are blackish, upperparts and sides brown-agouti, under parts brownish or reddish-brown. Size and weight similar to C. cupreus.
Kobayashi, 1995
Based on cranial measurements, the genus can be divided in two major clusters, which can be further divided into several clusters:
Cluster 1: with the donacophilus cluster (including modestus, olallae, d. donacophilus and d. pallescens), the cupreus cluster (including caligatus, c. cupreus, c. discolor and c. ornatus) and the moloch cluster (including brunneus, h. hoffmannsi, h. baptista, moloch and cinerascens).
Cluster 2: with the personatus cluster (including p. personatus, p. nigrifrons, p. melanochir, dubius and t. purinus) and the torquatus cluster (including t. lucifer, t. lugens, t. medemi, t. regulus and t. torquatus).
The phylogenetic position of C. modestus is morphometrically debatable, since it was clustered with the donacophilus group by the analysis of the Q-mode correlation coefficients, but its plots on the principal component analysis was isolated away from those of any other forms. Although Hershkovitz (1988, 1990) pointed out the elongated skull's unusual appearance and regarded it as the most primitive species in the genus, considerable doubt exist that it might be an anomalous mutant, since only one adult specimen is known. If the curious character of its cranial morphology is in fact stable, C. modestus might be assignable an independent group as indicated by HERSHKOVITZ (1988, 1990). In order to clarify its true status, sufficient numbers of samples need to be collected.
Ferrari et al. 1995
Callicebus brunneus
Locality: Guajará-Mirim State Park, Rondonia, Brazil (see map).
Ferrari et al., 1996
Callicebus moloch?
Locality: Pimenta Bueno Rondonia, Brazil.
Remarks: The animals were certainly not members of the distinctly brown-coloured Callicebus brunneus, the species found at other sites in Rondonia, west of the Jiparaná (Hershkovitz, 1990; Ferrari and Lopes, 1992; Ferrari et al., 1995), but were greyish in colour similar to Callicebus moloch, the distribution of which has previously been restricted to the east of the Jiparaná/Madeira Rivers.
Wallace and Painter, 1996
Callicebus brunneus
Distribution: Flor de Oro region, Guaporé, Iteñez River, Brazilian side. Not observed on the Bolivian side of the river.
Wallace, et al., 1998
Callicebus brunneus
Locality:the Brazilian side of the Itenez River.
Christen, 1999
Callicebus sp. “with bright orange back”
Locality: between Rio Nareuda/Tahuamanu and Rio Acre (see map).
Christen, 1999
Callicebus sp. “dark brown back”
Locality: between Rio Nareuda/Tahuamanu and Rio Acre (see map).
Ferrari et al., 2000
Callicebus brunneus
Localities: see map.
Distribution: There is no evidence to suggest that the other two species found in southern Rondonia - C. brunneus and C. moloch - are ecologically distinct, by contrast, which suggests that a contact zone exists somewhere between the Serra dos Pacais Novos, to the north, and the Chapada dos Parecis, to the south. The characteristics of this contact zone remain unclear, i.e. whether sympatry or even hybridization occurs, but it is interesting to note that at two sites (marked A and B on the map) located south of the Pacaás Novos, some of the monkeys observed were relatively lightly-coloured (more similar to C. moloch) in contrast with the typical dun tones of C. brunneus. Local residents also confirmed the existence of two distinct types of titis in different areas at this site.
Buchanan-Smith et al., 2000
Callicebus brunneus
Localities: both north and south of the Rio Tahuamanu in the Pando. Cocamita, 11º13’S, 68º42’W; Buena Vista, 10º57’S, 69º18’W; Los Campos, 11º24’S, 69º01’W; Piaou, 10º58’S, 69º10’W; Belo Horizonte, 11º01’S, 68º59’W; Rutina, 11º24’S, 69º01’W; Santa Rosa (Rio Abuña), 10º35’S, 67º28’W; Ponton, 11º31’S, 68º03’W.
Remarks: The classification of this species is based on Hershkovitz (1990). Previous surveys in the Pando have reported them as Callicebus moloch (Freese et al., 1982) or C. cupreus (Cameron et al., 1989). Variations in their pelage coloration are quite pronounced. Some were very reddish/ orange on their backs, while others were medium to dark brown.
Messias, 2001
Callicebus brunneus
Locality: Rio Ouro Preto State Reserve, Rondonia, Brasil.
Porter, 2001
Callicebus brunneus
Locality: San Sebastian (11º24’ S, 69º06’ W, ca. 280 m elevation) in the Department of the Pando, northern Bolivia, 3 km north of the Río Tahuamanu and 42 km east of the border with Peru.
Groves, 2001
Callicebus brunneus
Synonym: Callithrix brunea (Wagner, 1842).
Distribution: Middle and upper Rio Madeira basin, west to upper Rio Purus basin.
Description: Body wood brown, with very fluffy pelage, the hairs with long black-brown base, usually with three pairs of alternating bands, light brown and black, usually alight tip. Crown black, the hairs with very short, light grey bases. Limbs black. Tail black, with tendency to have a light tip. Underside black brown, not sharply set off from body; inner aspect of limbs, chin, and cheeks much blacker.
Roosmalen et al., 2002
Callicebus brunneus
Type locality: Cachoeira da Bananeira, Rio Guaporé, upper Rio Madeira, state of Rondônia, Brazil. The lectotype is an adult male, skin and skull, no. 3454, Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien, Austria, collected by Johann Natterer, September, 1829.
Distribution:Right bank of upper Rio Madeira, in the states of Rondônia and Acre, Brazil. In Rondônia, the species is parapatric with C. bernhardi along the entire Rio Ji-Paraná; in the north of its distribution, it is parapatric with C. dubius along the west bank of the Rio Madeira; in the west of its distribution, it is parapatric with C. cupreus along the upper Rio Purús; in the south of its distribution, it is parapatric with C. modestus in the interfluve of the Ríos Beni and Madre de Dios, and with C. donacophilus in the upper Río Mamoré and San Miguel basins, Bolivia.
Description: Darkest species of the moloch group, the forehead, forearms, legs, cheiridia, and base of the tail blackish to dark reddish-brown, but rest of tail contrasted pale or dominantly buffy mixed with blackish; sideburns blackish to dark reddish-brown; upper parts and sides of body brownish or red-brown agouti, under parts brownish or reddish, not sharply defined from sides of body. Distinguished from C. bernhardi by generally blackish or dark brown forehead, lack of white ear tufts, blackish or reddish-brown instead of contrasted bright orange sideburns and under parts, and brownish or blackish not whitish cheiridia; from C. cinerascens by its generally blackish or dark brown instead of greyish appearance, blackish or reddish-brown instead of greyish sideburns, and tail dominantly buffy intermixed with black.
Rowe and Martinez, 2003
Callicebus brunneus
Our survey started near the city of Cobija, in the lowland rainforest of the Callimico Biological Station (11° 25.142’ S, 069° 00.144’ W, elev. 237 m). Two groups of titis were heard, seen and photographed on two out of the three days. The Callicebus at this field site appear to be Callicebus brunneus. They had dark foreheads with no white visible, and their limbs, throat and belly were reddish with a greyish-brown back. The tail, however, did not appear to have nearly as much white as depicted in the illustration of C. brunneus by Stephen Nash in Van Roosmalen et al. (2002). On the individuals we observed, the tail was reddish-brownish with a white tip.
The survey proceeded to search for titis in a forest about 15 kilometres north of the Río Madre de Dios (11° 14.599’ S, 067° 11.084’ W, elev. 139 m). Callicebus were heard by one of our party but not seen. Local informants positively identified it as C. brunneus, except that only the tip of the tail was white.
Near a village called Suciri (11° 34.862’ S, 067° 08.456’ W, elev. 145 m), located between the Río Madre de Dios and the Río Beni—where the Van Roosmalen et al. (2002) map indicated C. modestus should be—we heard, saw, and photographed two titi monkeys which we identified as the same species we had seen at the Callimico Biological Station. Our local guides reported killing and eating a titi two weeks before and identified the titi as C. brunneus. Our survey of a forest near the village of Porvenir (11° 32.542’ S, 066° 29.266’ W, elev. 157 m) on the east side of the Río Beni, in the northern part of the Department of Beni, did not produce any monkey sightings. The local informants did, however, identify the titi they hunt as C. brunneus.
A group of titis was heard by us and seen and identified as C. brunneus by our local guide (10° 56.783’ S, 066° 20.293’ W, 120 m). Our final survey in Bolivia was in a 100-hectare second growth forest in the village of Tumichucua (11° 08.406’ S, 066° 09.542’ W, elev. 113 m), located south of Riberalta on the east side of the Río Beni. This was an afternoon survey and no primates were detected, but our local informant identified the titis there as C. brunneus.
Our brief survey results suggest that the Río Madre de Dios is not a boundary for Callicebus. C. brunneus appears to be distributed north of the Río Madre de Dios, between the Río Madre de Dios and the Río Beni and east of the Río Beni. More surveys will have to be conducted to find the exact distribution of C. brunneus, as well as whether C. dubius is actually present in Bolivia. Our observations are consistent with what is reported for the distribution of C. brunneus by Anderson (1997) and Hershkovitz (1990).
Phillips et al., 2004
Callicebus brunneus
Localities: Tambopata Research Center, Tambopata National Reserve, Peru, located in south-eastern Peru in the Department of Madre de Dios. Western bank of the Tambopata River (13º8’10’’S, 69º36’40’’W), 75 km SSW from Puerto Maldonado.
Anonymous, 2004
Callicebus brunneus
Locality: The Tahuamanu Biological Station of the Amazonian University of Pando (Pando, Bolivia).
Solari et al., 2006
Callicebus brunneus
Localities: Manu Biospere Reserve:
1. Aguas Calientes, Río Alto Madre de Dios, ca. 1 km below Shintuya (also Quebrada Aguas Calientes, left bank, Río Alto Madre de Dios, 2.75 km E Shintuya), (12°66’83’’ / 71°26’90’’) 450–520 m als.
2. Altamira, (12°19’02’’ / 71°01’84’’) 350–400 m asl.
3. Cocha Cashu Biological Station (also ca. 70 km NW mouth of Río Manu on Río Manu; Río Manu, Airline km above Mouth, N. Bank), (11°85’ / 71°31’66’’) 380 m asl.
4. Itahuania, (12°78’33’’ / 71°21’67’’) 450 m asl.
5. Pakitza (Pakitza Control Post, 57 km above mouth of Río Manu; Pakitza, 40 km above mouth of Río Manu; Río Manu, Puesto de Vigilancia de Pakitza), (11°94’64’’ / 71°28’33’’), 340–350 m asl.
Ferrari et al., 2007
Callicebus brunneus
Locality: “Toledo et al. (1999) report that a population of the exotic Callicebus brunneus may have been established in the area (= Carajás complex), derived from animals released from captivity”.
Vermeer, 2009
Callicebus brunneus
This species is described by Van Roosmalen et al. (2002) as having the forehead, forearms, legs, cheiridia and base of tail blackish to dark-reddish-brown, the rest of the tail contrasted pale or dominantly buffy mixed with blackish. The upperparts are brownish or reddish. The drawing of Stephen Nash is in agreement with this description. The description and the drawing were compared to the lectotype and lectoparatypes of Callicebus brunneus at the Naturhistorisch Museum in Vienna, Austria (No. B-3453, B-3454, ST122). The colouration of these specimens differs considerably from the description in Van Roosmalen et al. (2002). The upperparts of all specimens are dark brown, the arms and legs only slightly darker than the back, but brownish. The forehead is black, while the rest of the head is strikingly light-brown in all specimens. The tail is dark-brown, in one specimen somewhat lighter than its upperparts. The tip of the tail is buffy. The hands and feet of the lectotype are black, those of the lectoparatypes light-brown.
The colouration of the specimens in the Vienna museum match the picture of Callicebus brunneus published on page 85 in Rowe (1996). The animals depicted in Van Roosmalen et al. (2002), page 21, at the National Zoo in Washington, must be Callicebus cupreus and certainly are not Callicebus brunneus. The animals living at the Los Amigos Research Station near the Madre de Dios, Peru (12° 34' S, 70° 06'W) and at Tambopata are usually identifed as being Callicebus brunneus, and they indeed resemble the drawing of this species in the publication of van Roosmalen et al. (2002). However, when comparing them to the type specimens of this species they are considerably different, and the titi monkeys in this area are most probably Callicebus aureipalatii (Wallace et al. 2006). Individuals of Callicebus aureipalatii were also observed by the author in the eastern part of Manu National Park, Peru (Pantiacolla Lodge, 12° 39'S, 71° 13' W). However, the situation in this area is quite confusing, as other animals were much darker, resembling a transitional coloration between Callicebus aureipalatii and Callicebus brunneus. Very dark animals in the collection of the Natural History Museum in Lima resemble Callicebus brunneus very closely, and were collected at Quebrada Aguas Calientes in ManuNational Park. More research is urgently needed on the identification of the titi monkeys in and around Manu National Park.
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