Lönnberg, 1939
Callicebus baptista
Locality: The Stockholm museum has 11 specimens originating from Lago de Baptista, East of Rio Tapajoz; 6 specimens from Lago Tapajuna, East of Rio Tapajoz, both localities situated in the Estado do Amazonas.
Description: This species has to some extent the same general pattern as the two titi monkeys mentioned above, but is decidedly darker and more richly coloured. The whole crown of the head is short-haired and clear grizzled grey by means of white tips or broad subapical rings above broad, pure black rings (The proximal portion of the hairs, which does not affect the general appearance, may be ringed black and white, or dark brown, or greyish). In front, just above the naked face, there is a thin black line in which the pure black hairs partly are more or less lengthened into bristles. The colour of the crown is somewhat similar to the same in C. moloch, but containing more black and thus less greyish looking. The back is rather dark brownish by means of numerous but usually comparatively narrow, pale buffish to almost whitish rings on the brownish black hairs; in some specimens, however, especially males, the general colour becomes somewhat rufescent and darker, because the rings of the hairs are whitish. The outside of the arms and legs is black, grizzled with white rings to a varying effect so that in some specimens the white is rather dominating on the upper arms. Distally the white rings decrease in size and number so that the hands often are pure black more or less sprinkled with white. The same is also the case with the feet on which the black in most cases dominates. The limbs are thus quite unlike those of C. remulus. 
The sides of the head and neck, the whole lower side of the body, and the inside of the limbs are strongly rufous red, on the whiskers and the inside of the fore limbs in some specimens resembling “burnt siena”, but usually clearer and brighter, sometimes tending towards “orange rufous”, but in neither case fully exact and always much more saturated and darker than in C. moloch. In two female specimens the rich rufous colour of the inner side of the hind limb also extends somewhat to the outer side between the knee and the black foot, and in one of them also the greater part of the outer side of the arm has assumed this red colour, but the hand is black, a little grizzled. A few centimetres of the tail show the grizzled colour of the back, otherwise the visible parts of the tail is pure black with a narrow whitish tuft at the extreme end. The proximal parts of the black hairs are, however, more or less ringed with whitish, although this is not visible from the surface. The tail is thus, as also the limbs, very different in colour from that of the cupreus group, but it is the same time blacker then the same organ in C. moloch.
Collectors measurements:
Males: total length 810/805/805mm; tail 490/451/450mm; hind foot 100/97/94mm.
Females: total length 785/815mm; tail 465/435mm; hind foot 98/94mm.
Skull: measurements and description of 5 individuals in publication.
Vieira, 1955
Callicebus baptista
Synonyms: Callicebus baptista (Lönnberg, 1939).
Distribution: known only from type locality.
Cabrera, 1958
Callicebus moloch baptista
Synonym: Callicebus baptista (Lönnberg, 1939).
Distribution:Central Brazil, in the lagoons-zone west of the TapajosRiver.
Remarks: Lönnberg has mentioned various specimens of this form, which may only be a chromatic variety of C. moloch hoffmannsi, from the Baptista and Tapaiuma lagoons, west (and not east, as has been written) of the Tapajos, without designating a type nor type locality, but its name obliged to choose the first locality.
Hill, 1960
Callicebus moloch baptista
Type locality: Lago de Baptista or Lago Tapajuna, east bank of Rio Tapajoz, Pará, Brazil.
Distribution: Known only from the type localities.
Description: Much like moloch, but differing in colour of crown, which is clothed with short hairs, grizzled grey with white tips, or broad white subapical rings distal to pure black zone, basal (hidden) part of each hair ringed black and white or dark-brown or grey. Forehead with thin black line of superciliairy hairs, some lengthened into bristles. Upper parts of body darkish brown, the hairs mainly brownish-black with pale buff to whitish rings, but sometimes, especially in males, more rufescent from deepening of tone of the buff annulations. Lower flanks greyer from effect of whitish zone of individual hairs. Lateral surfaces of limbs grizzled, due to alternate annulations of black and white, the white rings decreasing distally, the hands and feet being almost entirely black, but with sprinkling of white. Sides of head and feet being almost entirely black, but resembling burnt sienna on whiskers and medial surface or arms in some specimens, otherwise tending to orange-rufous, though invariably darker than in other races of moloch. Basal part of tail like back, the rest clothed with black hairs bearing basal whitish rings; apex of tail with narrow whitish tuft.
Lönnberg’s plate shows the under parts with a purplish tinge which suggested to Lima that this form pertains with the cupreus group. This may, however, be artist’s licence, as is certainly the posture in which the animal is depicted.
Measurements: head and body 320mm; tail 490mm; foot 100mm.
Skull: see measurements in publication.
Hershkovitz, 1963
Callicebus moloch hoffmannsi
Synonyms: Callicebus hoffmannsi (Thomas, 1908); Callicebus baptista (Lönnberg, 1939); Callicebus moloch baptista (Cabrera, 1958).
Type locality: Urucurituba, Rio Tapajóz, Pará, Brazil. The type locality was originally given as “Urucurituba, Santarem”. Santarem, in this case, refers to the region of the lower Rio Tapajóz, and not to the town itself which is on the right bank of the mouth of the Tapajóz and in the type region of Callicebus moloch moloch. Urucurituba at 3º 30’S, on the left bank of the Tapajóz is in the area whence all recorded titis agree with the original description of C. m. hoffmannsi. Two other places with the name Urucurituba also lie within the range of hoffmannsi. One is located on the right side of the Amazon (58º W) just north of Lago do Baptista, the other on the right bank of the Madeira (3º 35’S) just south of Lago do Baptista. It is assumed that the titis from these localities, both in the state of Amazonas, would more nearly resemble the type of baptista than the type of hoffmannsi. Type in BritishMuseum.
Distribution: South of the RioAmazonas, Brazil, from the left bank of the Rio Tapajoz in Pará to the right bank of the Rio Madeira in Amazonas.
Description: (key to species:) general body colour grey, reddish or brown; under parts like back or sharply defined reddish orange or buff; hind feet black, brown, red or grey, tail grey or blackish with tip grey or grey mixed with black; throat like chest; forearms grey, red, dark brown sometimes blackish above; upper surface of hands grey to blackish never sharply contrasted with colour of upper side of wrists.
Forehead like crown, grey to reddish brown and not defined from nape; outer sides of forearms coarsely ticked greyish, buffy or brown. Sides of head bright yellow or orange sharply contrasting with grizzled crown; upper portion of pinna like crown; tail dominantly blackish at least basally. Upper surface of hands and feet dominantly blackish.
Measurements: see table in publication.
Remarks: specimens representing hoffmannsi from the left bank of the Tapajóz are notably darker on upper and outer sides of trunk and limbs and appreciably paler on under parts and sides of face than typical moloch from the opposite of the Tapajóz. Topotypes at hand of baptista from the right side of the lower Rio Madeira are as dark on upper and outer surfaces of body and limbs and tail as topotypical hoffmannsi. Their under parts and cheeks, however, are more saturate than those of either hoffmannsi or moloch and quite or nearly as deeply red as those from cupreus from the opposite side of the Madeira and higher up the Solimoes. That the two named forms may represent local colour varieties is indicated by 4 specimens from Villa Braga, Rio Tapajóz, examined by Thomas. The under parts of two were “pale yellowish like the type (of hoffmannsi) while the other two have under parts strong ochraceous buffy”. Inasmuch as there is no physical barrier between the titis of the left bank of the Tapajóz and those of the right bank of the Madeira, I follow Cabrera (1958) in treating baptista as a synonym of hoffmannsi.
Intergradation between hoffmannsi and cupreus, its nearest geographic ally on the west, is through brunneus at the headwaters of the Rio Madeira.
Specimens examined:
Brazil – Amazonas: Lago de Baptista; Pará: Arará.
Hershkovitz, 1990
Callicebus hoffmannsi baptista
Synonym: Callicebus baptista (Lönnberg, 1939).
Type Locality: Originally unspecified, restricted to Lago do Baptista by Hershkovitz (1963). None type specified; 17 syntypes of original description, all in the RoyalNaturalHistoryMuseum, Stockholm. An adult male, skin and skull, no. A611510, of the Lago do Baptista series, is here designated lectotype; the syntypes become lectoparatypes.
Distribution: Known only from the type locality and the nearby Lago do Tapaiuna, both localities on Isla Tupinambaranas of the lower Rio Madeira. The range may actually extend from between east bank lower Rio Madeira and west bank Rio Canuma from about 5°16'S, 59°45'W, northward through the chain of paranas to Rio Amazonas near Parintins, Amazonas, Brazil
Description:Upper and outer surface of head, trunk, and limbs greyish to blackish agouti; forehead like crown, whitish ear tufts absent; sideburns, under parts of body, and inner side of limbs sharply contrasted reddish or reddish-brown; tail dominantly blackish agouti to nearly entirely blackish, tail tip sometimes entirely buffy
Measurements: See publication.
Comparisons: Under parts and sideburns most saturate pheomelanin of moloch group, distinguished from Callicebus h. hoffmannsi and all other species by dark brownish or "greyish" agouti upper and outer parts of trunk, limbs, crown, and forehead, undifferentiated cheiridia, sharply contrasted dark reddish sideburns, and under parts and inner surface of limbs.
Specimens Examined: Total 45.
Brazil - Amazonas: Lago do Baptista; Lago Tapaiuna.
Kobayashi, 1995
Based on cranial measurements, the genus can be divided in two major clusters, which can be further divided into several clusters:
Cluster 1: with the donacophilus cluster (including modestus, olallae, d. donacophilus and d. pallescens), the cupreus cluster (including caligatus, c. cupreus, c. discolor and c. ornatus) and the moloch cluster (including brunneus, h. hoffmannsi, h. baptista, moloch and cinerascens).
Cluster 2: with the personatus cluster (including p. personatus, p. nigrifrons, p. melanochir, dubius and t. purinus) and the torquatus cluster (including t. lucifer, t. lugens, t. medemi, t. regulus and t. torquatus).
The phylogenetic position of C. modestus is morphometrically debatable, since it was clustered with the donacophilus group by the analysis of the Q-mode correlation coefficients, but its plots on the principal component analysis was isolated away from those of any other forms. Although Hershkovitz (1988, 1990) pointed out the elongated skull's unusual appearance and regarded it as the most primitive species in the genus, considerable doubt exist that it might be an anomalous mutant, since only one adult specimen is known. If the curious character of its cranial morphology is in fact stable, C. modestus might be assignable an independent group as indicated by HERSHKOVITZ (1988, 1990). In order to clarify its true status, sufficient numbers of samples need to be collected.
Groves, 2001
Callicebus baptista
Synonym: Callicebus baptista (Lönnberg, 1939).
Distribution: Very restricted: Lago do Baptista and Lago do Tapaiuna, on TupinambaranasIsland, lower Rio Madeira.
Description: Body very dark brown; hairs with short grey-black base, shaft with two pairs of bands, pale tawny and black, and tip tawny. Crown grey; the hairs with very short white base, black shaft, white tip. Limbs as body, or a bit greyer, darkening toward hands and feet. Tail black, with tendency to have a white tip. Underside maroon-red, this tone broadly extending to inner aspects of limbs (including hands and feet), cheeks, and chin. Relatively large but short-tailed.
Remarks: I expected that when I was able to examine skins for myself, I would reduce all three (moloch, baptista and hoffmannsi) to subspecies under C. moloch; instead, study of the specimens in AMNH demonstrated to me that each is specifically distinct.
Roosmalen et al., 2002
Callicebus baptista
Type locality: Not specified, but restricted to Lago do Baptista by Hershkovitz (1963). The lake
is located north of the Paraná do Urariá, south of the Rio Amazonas, and east of the town of
Novo Olinda do Norte on the right bank of the Rio Madeira. The holotype is not specified; there are 17 syntypes in the Royal Natural History Museum of Stockholm, Sweden, collected in 1936 by A. M. Olalla along Lago do Baptista and Lago do Tapaiuna. Hershkovitz (1990) designated an adult male, skin and skull, no. A611510, from Lago do Baptista, as the lectotype.
Distribution: Central Amazonian Brazil, south of the Rio Amazonas and east of the Rio Madeira in the state of Amazonas east almost as far as the western limit of the state of Pará, and north of the Paraná do Canumã, Paraná do Urariá, and Paraná do Ramos. It was observed in the wild by the first author on the west (left) bank of the Rio Uíra-Curupá, and is believed to have crossed over the Paraná do Ramos west of the town of Parintins, forming an enclave population in the interfluve delineated by the lower Rio Uíra-Curupá and lower Rio Andirá. M. G. M. van Roosmalen also observed populations of entirely pale yellowish to almost white colour morphs of Callicebus hoffmannsi along the Rio Mamurú, one river further to the east, and classic yellowish-white and grey Callicebus hoffmannsi on both banks of the middle and upper Rio Andirá. These observations confirm the parapatry of Callicebus hoffmannsi and C. baptista, and therefore they are elevated to full species here, whereas Hershkovitz (1990) considers them subspecies of Callicebus hoffmannsi.
Description:Sideburns, under parts, and inner side of limbs bright to dark reddish, or reddish brown (saturate pheomelanin); upper and outer surface of head, trunk, and limbs greyish to blackish agouti; forehead like crown, whitish ear tufts lacking; tail dominantly blackish agouti to entirely blackish, often intermixed with buff and grey hairs. Distinguished from C. cinerascens and C. hoffmannsi by uniformly reddish or reddish brown sideburns, and under parts and inner surface of limbs; from C. bernhardi by lack of white ear tufts, white cheiridia and white tail tip; from C. moloch by dark brownish or greyish agouti upper and outer parts of trunk, limbs, crown and forehead, reddish or reddish brown instead of bright orange sideburns, and lacking the buffy upper surface of the cheiridia and buffy pencilled tip of tail.
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