Thomas, 1911
Callicebus emiliae
Distribution: Lower Amazons, type from the Para Zoological Gardens.
Description: Rufous-bellied group. Back rich bay or hazel.
Upper surface, instead of the usual grizzled greyish brown found in most of the rufous-bellied titis, rich rufous bay, or hazel, this colour covering the whole back, from the occiput to the rump. On the nape the hairs are grizzled brown and whitish, with rufous tips; on the back they are dark smoky brown for two-thirds their length, their terminal third rich hazel. Crown greyish, more whitish anteriorly. Ears ashy grey, the long hairs on the antitragus tipped with bright orange rufous. Fore limbs from shoulders to wrists, and ill-defined line along flanks (between hazel of the back and the rufous of the belly), and hind limbs from hips to metatarsus grizzled ashy grey; hands and posterior digits whitish. Tail chestnut-brown at base, then deep black (though the bases of the hairs are whitish), the end with a whitish tuft.
Measurements: head and body 320mm; tail 400.
Remarks: Type and adult female, BritishMuseum no. 11.4.28.1.
This most handsome and striking species is distinguishable at a glance by the rich deep hazel or maroon-chestnut of its back, no other Callicebus having any such coloration. Its nearest allies would seem to be C. donacophilus, moloch, ornatus, and remulus, but the back in all of these is of the ordinary grizzled greyish, at most with a slight rufous suffusion.
Elliot, 1913
Callicebus emiliae
Synonym: Callicebus emiliae (Thomas, 1911).
Type locality: Lower Amazon (BritishMuseum).
Description: Upper surface rich rufous bay or hazel; hairs on nape grizzled brown and whitish, tips rufous; crown greyish; ears ashy grey, long hairs with black tips; indistinct line on flanks, arms from wrists to shoulders, and legs from hips to ankles grizzled ashy grey; under surface and inner side of limbs bright orange rufous. Tail at base chestnut brown, then black with a whitish tuft at end.
Measurements: Total length, 720mm; tail, 400mm; foot, 81mm.
Remarks: I have not seen this specimen.
Cruz Lima, 1945
Callicebus emiliae
Synonym: Callicebus emiliae (Thomas, 1911).
Description: Upper surface, instead of the usual grizzled greyish brown found in most of the rufous-bellied titis, rich rufous nay, or hazel, this colour covering the whole back, from the occiput to the rump. On the nape the hairs are grizzled brown and whitish, with rufous tips; on the back they are dark smoky brown for two-thirds their length, their terminal third rich hazel. Crown greyish, more whitish anteriorly. Ears ashy grey, the long hairs on the antitragus tipped with bright orange rufous. Fore limbs from shoulders to wrists, and ill-defined line along flanks (between hazel of the back and the rufous of the belly), and hind limbs from hips to metatarsus grizzled ashy grey; hands and posterior digits whitish. Tail chestnut-brown at base, then deep black (though the bases of the hairs are whitish), the end with a whitish tuft (original description).
Measurements: (of the type, skin) head and body 320mm; tail 400; foot 81.
Remarks: Type in the BritishMuseum.
The adult female which we chose from among the three specimens in the collection of the Museu Goeldi, with a reddish cast on the back, within the range of the individual variations in C. remulus, would fall satisfactorily within the description of the form under study were it not for the presence of the characteristic rings which, although not very distinct, were observed on a great number of the dorsal hairs instead of the uniform colouring of the apical section which is said to be distinctive of C. emiliae. The other two specimens of the three truly show a transition of colouring from the first-mentioned to the typical remulus, and it is worthy of note that the three specimens mentioned, as well as the type and only specimen of C. emiliae, are all female. Considering further that the exact locality of origin of the type of this species is not known, we feel that our doubt as to its validity is strengthened, for it may well represent only an extreme of sexual or local variation.
Vieira, 1955
Callicebus emiliae
Synonym: Callicebus emiliae (Thomas, 1911).
Distribution: known only from type locality.
Cabrera, 1958
Callicebus moloch moloch
Synonyms: Cebus moloch (Hoffmannsegg, 1807); Simia moloch (Humboldt, 1812); Callithrix moloch (Geoffroy, 1812); Saguinus moloch (Lesson, 1840); Callicebus remulus (Thomas, 1908); Callicebus emiliae (Thomas, 1911); Callicebus moloch (Elliot, 1913).
Distribution: Lower Amazonas, from the mouth of the Tapajos.
Remarks: The concurrence between remulus and moloch has been demonstrated by Lönnberg (1939), who noticed that variations in tinge of the pelage colour can occur on the same locality. C. emiliae, based on only one specimen of the lower Amazon, cannot be considered distinct of the typical form, neither by characters or origin.
Hill, 1960
Callicebus moloch emiliae
Synonym: Callicebus emiliae (Thomas, 1911).
Type locality: “Lower Amazonas, Brazil”. Type in British Museum, received from Jardim Zoologico do Pará.
Distribution: unknown.
Description: This is most probably an invalid race; it is based upon a single skin from unknown locality and, in all likelihood, represents an individual or sexual (female) variation of one of the other races of moloch. Lima maintains it to be within the range of variation of remulus, i.e. typical moloch, on the basis of the reddish wash on the upper parts of a female in the Goeldi Museum, differing merely in the presence of characteristic, though indistinct, annulations on the majority of the dorsal hairs in lieu of the supposedly uniform colour of the corresponding hairs in emiliae. Two other skins, also female, are transitional.
Upper parts (from occiput to rump) rich rufous-bay or hazel instead of the usual grizzled greyish-brown of most of the rufous-bellied group of Callicebus. On nape hairs grizzled brown and whitish, with rufous tips; on back dark smoky-brown at base for two-thirds of length and terminal one-third rich hazel. Crown greyish, whiter anteriorly; ears with ashy-grey hairs, the long hairs on antitragus tipped with black. Under parts and medial surfaces of limbs bright orange-rufous. Fore-limbs from shoulders to wrists, hind-limbs from hips to metatarsus and a line along flanks (between hazel of back and orange of belly) grizzled ashy-grey; hands and fingers and toes whitish. Tail chestnut brown at base, remainder black (the hairs with whitish bases), except tip, which bears sharply distinct whitish tuft.
Measurements: head and body 320mm; tail 400mm; foot 81mm.
Skull: cranial capacity, 18.5cc.
Hershkovitz, 1963
Callicebus moloch moloch
Synonyms: Cebus moloch (Hoffmannsegg, 1907); Callithrix moloch (Geoffroy, 1812); Callithrix Moloch (Kuhl, 1820); C. moloch (Wagner, 1840); Callicebus moloch (Elliot, 1913); (Callithrix) hypoxanta (Illeger, 1815); (Callithrix) hypokantha (Olfers, 1818); Simia sakir (Giebel, 1855); Callicebus remulus (Thomas, 1908); Callicebus emiliae (Thomas, 1911).
Type locality: Originally said to be “around the city of Pará”, where the species is not known to occur. The type locality is now redetermined as the right bank of the lower Rio Tapajóz, district of Santarem, Para, Brazil. Two cotypes in Berlin Museum, one in Paris Museum.
Distribution: South of the Rio Amazonas, from the left bank of the Rio Tocantins to the right bank of the Rio Tapajoz, Pará, Brazil.
Description: (key to species:) general body colour grey, reddish or brown; under parts like back or sharply defined reddish orange or buff; hind feet black, brown, red or grey, tail grey or blackish with tip grey or grey mixed with black; throat like chest; forearms grey, red, dark brown sometimes blackish above; upper surface of hands grey to blackish never sharply contrasted with colour of upper side of wrists.
Forehead like crown, grey to reddish brown and not defined from nape; outer sides of forearms coarsely ticked greyish, buffy or brown. Sides of head bright yellow or orange sharply contrasting with grizzled crown; upper portion of pinna like crown; tail dominantly blackish at least basally. Upper surface of hands and feet dominantly grey or buff.
Measurements: see table in publication.
Remarks: Specimens from the right bank of the lower Tapajóz agree best with Hoffmannsegg’s description of moloch. They are ochraceous buff to ochraceous orange on undersides of body, inner sides of limbs and sides of face; crown and outer sides of limbs are grey, back greyish brown to reddish brown, tail mixed grey, buff, dark brown and black, the darker colours dominating except at tip.
Callicebus remulus, from Santarem on the right bank of the Tapajóz at its mouth, is practically topotypical of moloch. Thomas compared it only with donacophilus and ornatus. The type of Callicebus emiliae from the “lower Amazons” also belongs here. Said to differ from donacophilus, moloch, ornatus and remulus by its “rich bay or hazel” back, its description actually applies to any one of several specimens of moloch at hand from the lower Rio Tapajóz.
Intergradation between moloch on the right bank of the Rio Tapajóz and the convergent hoffmannsi on the opposite side cannot be achieved except circuitously through donacophilus of south central Brazil.
Specimens examined:
Brazil – Para: Fordlandia, Piquiatuba, Tapaiuna, Tauary, Tavio.
Hershkovitz, 1990
Callicebus moloch
Synomyms: Callicebus moloch (Hoffmannsegg, 1807); Callithrix hypoxanta (Illeger, 1815); Callithrix hypokantha (Olfers, 1818); Callicebus remulus (Thomas, 1908), Callicebus emiliae (Thomas, 1911); Callicebus geoffroyi (Miranda Ribeiro, 1914).
Type Locality: "Unweit der Stadt Para," (Hoffmannsegg, 1807, p. 100), or near the town of Belem, Para, Brazil. Syntypes are several male and female individuals, two of which are or have been in the Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universidad, Berlin, and one in the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris.
Distribution: Amazonian Brazil south of the Rio Amazonas in the states of Para, Mato Grosso, and neighbouring parts of Amazonas and Rondonia. In Para from the west bank of Rio Tocantins-Araguaia west to the east bank of the Rio Tapajos, south to the headwaters of the Rios Araguaia, Xingu, and Tapajos in northern Mato Grosso, west to the east bank of the Rio Jiparana in Rondonia and east bank of the Rio Aripuana in Amazonas.
Description: Upper and outer surface of head, trunk, and limbs buffy or "greyish" agouti to pale brown agouti; forehead not sharply defined from greyish crown to distinctly paler, whitish ear tufts inconspicuous or absent; sideburns, under parts of body, and inner side of limbs sharply contrasted orange; hairs of tail dominantly blackish agouti terminally, orange or buffy basally, terminal portion including pencil buffy.
Measurements: See publication.
Comparisons: Distinguished from C. cupreus and C. caligatus by outer surface of forelimbs agouti; from cinerascens by uniformly orange inner sides of limbs, chest, and belly; from C. brunneus by forehead and crown greyish agouti; from C. dubius, C. cupreus discolor, C. c. ornatus, and C. oenanthe by absence of frontal blaze; from C. donacophilus, C. modestus, and C. olallae by sharply contrasted bright orange sideburns and absence of conspicuous whitish ear tufts; from donacophilus by absence of malar stripe; from C. hoffmannsi by upper surface of hands buffy and usually paler than outer side of arms, pencilled tip of tail consistently buffy; from other species by one or more of above characters.
Specimens Examined: Total 184, all in Brazil.
Amazonas: Castanhos, Foz do; Sao Joao, Rio Jamari; Tamaruri; Main Grosso: Arinos, Rio; Fazenda Sao Jose, Rio Peixoto de Acevedo; Rio Arraios, alto Rio Xingu; Rio Teles Pires; Para: Aramanai, Igarape; Arumateua, Rio Tocantins; Aveiros; Baiao(opp.); Belterra; Bom Jardim; Cachimbo; Carajas, Serra; Caxiricatuba; Cuiaba-Itaituba; Cucari; Curuatinga; Cururu, Rio; Curua, Foz do; Fordlandia; Ipanema; Iriri, Rio; Itaituba-Jacareacanga, km 14; Itapuama; Lucilandia-Xinguara; Maica; Maruca; Monte Cristo; Mundo Novo, Igarape, Rio Iriri; Piquiatuba; Santarem; Santarem-Cuiaba, km 82; Santarem-Cuiaba, km 212; Santarem-Cuiaba-Itaituba, BR 165; Santo Antonio, Rio Tocantins; Sao Joao, Rio Araguaia; Saude; Tamaruri, Rio Cucari; Tapaiuna; Taperinha; Tauary; Tavio; Tucurui, Rio Tocantins; Rondonia: Alvorado d'Oeste, Linha 64, BR 429, Km 87. Nova Brasilia; Nova Colonia.
Groves, 2001
Callicebus moloch
Synonyms: Cebus moloch (Hoffmannsegg, 1807); Callithrix hypoxantha (Illeger, 1815 – nom numen); Callithrix hypokantha (Olfers, 1818); Simia sakir (Giebel, 1855); Callicebus remulus (Thomas, 1908); Callicebus emiliae (Thomas, 1911) and Callicebus geoffroyi (Miranda Ribeiro, 1914).
Distribution: South of the Amazon, from Rio Tocantins-Araguaia to Rio Tapajos.
Description: Body lighter, redder than in C. hoffmannsi and C. baptista; the hairs with short, light grey base, usually four alternating pairs of bands, light red and black, tip usually black. Crown light grey, the hairs with very long white base, black shaft, white tip. Limbs much greyer than body, becoming light tawny towards hands and feet, which are buffy white. Tail black, with tendency to have a light tip. Underside fiery red, this tone broadly extending to inner aspects of limbs (including hands and feet), cheeks, and chin.
Remarks: I expected that when I was able to examine skins for myself, I would reduce all three (moloch, baptista and hoffmannsi) to subspecies under C. moloch; instead, study of the specimens in AMNH demonstrated to me that each is specifically distinct.
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